In what ways is Orwell's Keep the Aspidistra Flying a critique of Essay

In what ways is Orwell's Keep the Aspidistra Flying a critique of British values between the wars - Essay Example Even from above you could see that his shoes needed resoling.† (Orwell, 2002) This makes it obvious to the reader that Gordon is a man who is down on his luck. The book can be interpreted in terms of reflecting on the values of the British society especially between the war period. Unfortunately Gordon has some very unattractive qualities which make it difficult for the reader to identify with him. He is a man obsessed with himself and wallowing in self-pity. He has a lot of intellectual arrogance and conceit. He professes to be a budding poet although his book has only sold about one hundred and fifty three copies. He firmly believes that it is only the lack of money which prevents him from turning out a masterpiece. In his own words â€Å"Snooty, refined books on safe painters and safe poets by those moneyed young beasts who glide so gracefully from Eton to Cambridge and from Cambridge to the literary reviews.† (Orwell, 2002) Here Gordon’s contempt for writers w ho do not dare to take any kind of risk but prefer to stick to safe topics is obvious. At the same time a tinge of envy is there in his words. He considers that their moneyed background offers these writers a blanket of security which is conspicuously lacking in his life. Actually through Gordon’s monologue we catch a glimpse of British Society during the post-war period. The British middle class values are also high-lighted in this book. It was a very class conscious society at that time. The British middle class had certain rigid standards by which they lived their lives. Thus at that time you were either a gentleman or an aristocrat. If you belonged to neither of these two categories then you were a member of the lower classes and you could expect to be treated with a certain degree of contempt. Actually here the author has tried to bring to the fore-front the false sense of values which governed the British Society in those days. So we see that although Gordon Comstock ha d no money he was still desperate to keep up appearances. For example in this passage, â€Å"Gordon walked homeward against the rattling wind, which blew his hair backward and gave him more of a 'good' forehead than ever. His manner conveyed to the passers-by--at least, he hoped it did--that if he wore no overcoat it was from pure caprice. His overcoat was up the spout for fifteen shillings, as a matter of fact.† (Orwell, 2002) Here Gordon’s behavior is typical of the class to which he belonged. He did not possess an overcoat and at the same time he was trying to convey the impression that this was just whimsical behavior on his part. There were one or two bright spots in Gordon’s life. One was his girlfriend Rosemary who loved him but refused to sleep with him. The other was his rich friend Philip Ravelston who tried to help him by publishing one of his books through his publishing contacts. Gordon formed the impression that his lack of money was the main reaso n behind Rosemary’s resistance to his advances. Although Gorden claimed to disdain money, at the same time he was obsessed with it. This is apparent from this passage. â€Å"It wasn’t merely the lack of money. It was rather that, having no money, they still lived mentally in the money-world--the world in which money is virtue and poverty is crime.† (Orwell, 2002) Gordon had little or no time for his relatives. Their genteel poverty and their helplessness was a source of

Effective Administration Essay Example for Free

Effective Administration Essay Outline the ways in which the Director of Administration and Corporate services and her team can ensure they provides an effective administration service to achieve Accent’s ‘commitment to excellence.’ For the existence and survival of any business it is pertinent to have visions, set objectives and create strategies to achieve these objectives. Because business objectives are long term and in continuum, a machinery is required to design and implement these plans, this is known as administration. Mullins (2007:414 ) defines administration as† a key part of management process that is responsible for the design and implementation of systems and procedures instigated by management to help meet stated objectives†. Structure of the Business (ACCENT HOTEL GROUP) The business runs a chain of seven hotels in major cities and airports. These hotels include 3 and 4 star hotels. It has 8 directors on its board and Daniel Rycaart the founder also as the CEO. Each hotel runs a semi-autonomous strategic business unit and is headed by a General Manager. All the SBUs report directly to CEO. The units headed by the directors: -Administration and corporate service (includes IT) -Finance -Hospitality and hotel services -Human Resources -Legal Service (company Secretary) -Operations and conferences -Risk Management -Sales and Marketing The hotels together offer accommodation to about 800 guests and employ about 800 staff. As part of its commitment to excellence and the provision of a quality experience for all guests, the hotels offers service which include: -Conference suites for day delegates and function rooms for wedding receptions and parties -Evening entertainment in the bar -Indoor heated swimming pool -Leisure centre (gym, sauna, spas, etc for residents and members) -Outdoor terrace -Two bars (one of which offer 24 hour bar meals) -Two restaurants with top chefs (a la carte and self service buffet style) Due to the CEO Vision and business strategy, aiming to achieve ‘100% occupancy all year round was achieved by 40% increase in gross profits in the last four years, due to the group’s ‘commitment to excellence, ‘which has been underpinned by a number of strategic initiatives, stated below; Culture The Group’s culture has ‘changed’ with the introduction of a new management philosophy which sees everyone’s contribution (not just those managing the hotels) as key to its success. This more ‘inclusive’ culture gave all staff an opportunity to input into the Group’s critical success factors and key performance indicators (KPIs). These include: Commitment to excellence via quality, standards of performance and customer service Terms and conditions of employment Outsourcing and in-house services Health, safety and hygiene Occupancy Sales and marketing Ensuring that KPI were written into their business and operational plans and objectives were set and met accordingly would ensure that the organizations visions and strategies were communicated and understood from top to bottom through the organization. Learning and Development The Group’s commitment to being a ‘learning organisation’ and maintaining the status of an ‘Investor in People’ included the setting up of a new Learning  and Development Unit. A learning organisation as defined by Peter Senge (1990) are organisations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. The organisation’s commitment to being a learning organisation will ensure that the learning and development needs of the employees were in line with the business objectives of the organization. Performance Management A report, commissioned by Daniel, identified a number of inconsistencies with the outdated performance appraisal system, including the fact that reviews weren’t taking place at regular intervals, individual objectives weren’t linked to strategic, business and operational plans and some employees (including waiters, porters, chamber personnel and seasonal and casual staff) were not as adept at identifying their own learning and development needs. Performance management entails planning. Organizational overall performance depends on achieving outcomes identified by the planning process. Commitment to Excellence Daniel’s vision ‘commitment to excellence’ is the flagship behind the group’s success. However, with the new culture of ‘team work’ and ‘openness’, Daniel is striving to improve on the already successful ‘quality culture’. Daniels has asked for suggestions and ideas from both managers and staff on how service quality and performance could be improved. By linking the results of the internal feedback to performance management and identification of learning needs will further improve the successful quality culture through continuous improvement. Standard Operating Procedures In January 2005, a new set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were introduced to support the new culture, specific operational activities and good planning and control within the Group. The SOPs developed included: _ administrative management _ corporate governance _ customer satisfaction _ knowledge management _ outsourcing Daniel’s vision of ‘a commitment to excellence and the provision of a quality experience for all guests’ could be achieved through effective administration, this could be provided through the provision of systems, procedures, services and resources to support the business. This effectively will be determined on how effective the administrative management system in place is. â€Å"Administrative management can be defined as the effective and efficient management of the administration function and associated processes that support the organization in the achievement of its day-to-day business activities, objectives and strategies†. (Study Guide, p.49) Fayol’s theory on five function of management can also be used by the group in its strive to achieve its visions: 1. Forecasting and planning: This is analysing the future and drawing a course of action to achieve set goals and objectives. Developing administrative objectives and goals, keeping abreast with new development in external environment, determine human resource requirement for the functions and developing administrative budget. 2. Organising: It is the management function of ensuring that all roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. All skill level and training requirements are adequately in place. 3. Directing: This as an administrative function entails commanding to ensure that organizations’ tasks are carried out efficiently and effectively. 4. Coordinating: This is a very important part of management, it entails that all the resources of the organization are aligned to ensure that input, processing and output functions are supported. It is very important to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. 5. Controlling: Control is an integral part of planning process and involve measuring and correcting the performance of organizational objectives and plans, to ensure that they are implemented efficiently and effectively, within set timescales and  allocated resources (Fayol (1916) cited in study, p151). In conclusion, the onus is on the director of administration and corporate services to ensure achievement of the group’s success in its commitment to excellence through cohesiveness, planning, control and coordination of organization activities through effective management skills and administrative management. PART B In order to achieve ‘commitment to excellence’ and continually improve their business practices and services, organizations must put in place sound business strategies that must be flexible in nature so as to be compatible with the challenges and dictates of the business environment. This forces within the environment in which businesses operate have created the need for organisations to be effective and efficient in their resource allocation and administrative measures, thus; the quest for business excellence. Continuous improvement is an ongoing effort to improve products, services or processes. These efforts can seek â€Å"incremental† improvement over time or â€Å"breakthrough† improvement all at once. Continuous Improvement is a strategic approach to driving a cost competitive method for meeting or exceeding customer expectations. Regardless of customer needs, competition, or business challenges, a well executed continuous improvement program can ensure the success of any organization Different models can be used to illustrate and evaluate how organizations can achieve commitment to excellence and continually improve their business practices and services. Some of the widely used tools are identified below: Peters’ and Waterman’s Eight Attributes of Excellence Peters and Waterman in their submission in 1982 looked at some of the best-managed companies in the United States and found that they had a lot of things in common. They compiled a list of eight qualities that they believed to be present in the companies. Although not all eight were present in every company, these qualities regularly stood out. †¢A Bias for Action: Company gets things done; increases knowledge, interest, and commitments. †¢Close to the Customer: Customer satisfaction is very important throughout all the roles that the business plays. †¢Autonomy and Entrepreneurship: Encourage risk taking and innovation. †¢Productivity Through People: Everyone is respectful and enthusiastic towards each other. This creates an atmosphere that enables good work. †¢Hands-on, Value-Driven: Company philosophy and values are discussed openly. Leaders in the organization are also positive role models. †¢Stick to the Knitting: Company focuses on doing what it does best. †¢Simple Form, Lean Staff: Authority is shared as much as possible between the employees. †¢Simultaneous Loose-Tight Properties: Good planning and controlling that still allows for worker autonomy and a less rigid atmosphere. Source: Kreitner (1992) However, organisations should be weary to consider these principles during strategy formulation as against the view that they are solutions to business problems EFQM Business Excellence Model This model was developed in 1992 by the European Foundation for Quality Management. . According to this body; Organisations can proactively identify areas of strengths and weakness which is allowed through a process of self development and in order to sustain this improvement planning and evaluation has to be continuous. The model focuses on the key elements that sustain business excellence, five of which are enablers (what the organisation does) and four of which are results (what an organisation achieves). The model gives equal emphasis to enablers and result. The five enablers are: Leadership People Policy and strategy Partnership and resources Processes. The four areas focusing on results are: People Customers Society Key performance Source:http://www.ims-productivity.com/page.cfm/content/EFQM-Business-Excellence-Model/ Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle Another tools for continuous improvement is the PDCA cycle. This cycle is a four-step quality mode which aims at achieving continuous improvement by identifying opportunities for change and planning for them, followed by actual implementation, monitoring and re-evaluation. This model is also known as Deming Cycle: †¢Plan: This entails identifying an opportunity and planning for change. †¢Do: This involves implementing the change on a small scale. †¢Check: This requires the use data to analyze the results of the change and determine the impact and effect it has had and whether it made a difference. †¢Act: This entails determining if the change was successful, and if yes, it is implemented on a wider scale and continuously assessment of results. However, if the change did not work, the cycle will begin. Six Sigma Another model that can be used in the evaluation of how businesses can achieve continuous improvement is the Six Sigma Model. This model or technique sees tasks as processes that can be defined, measured, analyzed, improved and controlled. All tasks will have inputs and produce outputs. By controlling the inputs, the outputs would have been effectively controlled. This process or model of continuous improvement emphasizes prevention of errors or variation in quality and standards over detection of them. It drives customer satisfaction and achievement of objectives by minimizing variation in quality and waste, with a view of earning competitive advantage. In conclusion, a review of the models above shows that they are all focused on the efforts to improve products, services and or processes with the aim reducing variations and waste. There is an emphasis on inputs, processes and outputs as well as continuous planning and re-evaluation. The Continuous Improvement Model allows organizations to make incremental change to existing processes, adopt new ways to improve and measure productivity and control, discontinue activity that adds no value and increase emphasis and  focus on the organization’s mission and objectives. Getting a continuous improvement environment institutionalized takes Executive Level support. A collaborative team approach inspires workers to make the extra effort and strive to do what is beneficial for the company and in line with management objectives. Management and administrators work with employees to implement change and ensure standards are in place and controls are functioning to optimize productivity while managing cost. REFERENCES David, B. and John, D. (1999) Understanding Learning At work. Routledge. Kreitner, R. (1992). Management. 5th Edition. Geneva: Houghton Mifflin. McLean, J.E. (2005). Contemporary issues In Administration And Management, International Study Guide. MDP (UK) Ltd. http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/continuous-improvement/overview/overview.html http://www.ims-productivity.com/page.cfm/content/EFQM-Business-Excellence-Model/ Senge, P (1992). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Century Business

Reflection on Situated Knowledge Map

Reflection on Situated Knowledge Map For the Situated Knowledge Map, I created five pins titled Hairy Legs, Get On The Scale, Talk To Your Sister, Crazy Feminist, and No under the pseudonym BS. These pins focus on body image, fatphobia, the feminist killjoy, and racism. In this reflection, I will examine how these moments in my life changed my perspective then reflect on the system and other posts I read while placing my own pins. While I found the assignment slightly difficult due to the nature of the content, I believe the analysis caused by the assignment is valuable and I found the system utilized simple but possibly exclusive. Hairy Legs, Get On The Scale, and Talk to Your Sister all focus on body image with the last two focusing specifically on fatphobia in our society. Hairy Legs discusses the first time I recognized gender performance and how it affects body hair for men and women. As a 3rd grader at the time, I did not understand why my hairy legs were a problem but the boys hairy legs were fine. Now I recognize hairlessness is a societal standard of gender performance for women. This was the first time I had a negative comment directed towards my body and the first time I thought of my body in term of good and bad. Get On The Scale and Talk to Your Sister are 2 events about a decade apart that made me realize how people treat my sister and I differently due to our weights. As a small girl and woman, my mother only mentioned my weight when she believed I might have an eating disorder. However, my mother started talking about weight with my sister more frequently when she began to gain weight; even goin g as far as to try to convince me to talk to me sister about losing weight. After the events in Talk to Your Sister, I recognized it and the events of Get On The Scale as the double standards surrounding weight women face and the general fatphobia in our society. These events remind me of a quote from The Body Politic-Meditations on Identity by Elana Dykewomon: Women in almost every society offer their daughters up to the prevailing cultural standards of beauty and usefulness for womenif women dont prepare their daughters to meet institutionalized male demands, they know their daughters will suffer in life (Dykewomon 453). I believe this accurately describes what my sister and I went through in these events. The third post, Crazy Feminist, describes the beginning of how I came to understand my identity as a feminist and how grateful I am for taking that step. I had not thought of feminism or considered calling myself a feminist until I joined Women in Learning and Leadership (WILL). I had been discouraged from joining and staying in the group during my first and second year of college. First from my friends sister commenting on how it is a crazy feminist group then with my parents continued attempts to convince me to drop the group and Women and Gender Studies minor for a more useful math minor. It was these attempts and the influences of WILL the led me to my crazy feminist identity which has been more helpful to me and given me more skills, in my opinion, than a math minor would have as a woman in science. The final post, No, is the story of the day I discovered my father holds racists beliefs. I was shocked when he came to me asking me to explain to my sister that she could not date a n African American boy. This event did not change my view of racism so much as it made me realize how truly wide spread it is in my own life. It made me look more closely for subtle racism in my life as well. I found the system used for the Situated Knowledge Map simple to use overall. I believe it is important to create online tools that are easy to navigate if the group creating the tools want them to be accessible for everyone. In the article Invisible feminists? Social media and young womens political participation, Julia Schuster argues that the use of social media and the internet by young feminists make them invisible to older feminists and the use of these tools leads to the exclusion of certain groups of feminists. This effect seems to be happening with this tool, as the clear majority of the pins I looked at were authored by apparent college students, and may be invisible to older feminist groups who are not using these forms of media. I also examined interesting perspectives from reading several of the pins on the map. One particular pin that made me examine my standpoint was Church; a pin written from the perspective of a Methodist discussing the Catholic ceremony of Confirmat ion. This pin made me think about religious privilege from the perspective of a child not experiencing violent religious percussion but subtle religious exclusion. Before reading this pin, I had never considered how a child may feel excluded and othered by other childrens shared experiences from and dislike of their parents religion. I found this project to be slightly difficult for me because I had to admit, not only to myself but to possible hundreds of people, that these experiences affected my behavior, particularly in Hairy Legs, and that my family holds these beliefs. However, I also think it is important that I analyze these events that have clearly shaped who I am today. In regards to the system used for this project, I found it simple to use; however, I am an individual who has had the privilege of growing up surrounded by this technology. People and groups who do not have this privilege may be excluded from using these tools. In addition, reading the perspective of previous posters led me to thought processes I would not have if I had not read their experiences. Work Cited Dykewomon, Elana. The Body Politic-Meditations on Identity. This Bridge We Call Home-Radical Visions for Transformation. Ed. Gloria Anzaldà ºa and Anaouise Keating. New York: Routledge,2002. 450-457. Print. Schuster, Julia. Invisible feminists? Social media and young womens political participation. Political Science 65.1 (2013): 8-24.

The Lake :: essays research papers

The Lake   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was early July and my friend Chad and I decided to join his family at the lake. Chad’s family was already up at the lake, and had some extra room in the condo. So we figured, what the hell, we could go for some boating. Right. The lake the only about a two-hour drive away. We were driving in Chad’s father’s convertible sports car, so the drive was quite pleasant. We drove through twisting canyons and long straight roads going just slightly over the speed limit. We arrived at our destination at record-breaking time, which didn’t seem to make his parents too happy. Along with Chad’s family, which consists of four brothers and one sister, were some neighbor friends of theirs and their five-year-old son Nick. The rest of the day was spent miniature golfing and playing catch with Chad’s little brothers. On the following morning we went with Chad’s parents to rent the boat. We got the boat and loaded it up with the gear. We broke the family into groups so each one could have their own time on the boat. Our group was the one that wanted to ski, wake board, ride on the tube, and throw each other off the tube. The other group consisted of people that either didn’t want to ski or were too young. All the younger kids were in this group. Our group was the first to have the boat. We spent hours and hours out on the lake and had an awesome time, even though I got one of the worst sunburns in my life. We returned with the boat so the other group could take their turn. As the second group left on the boat we decided to just go lounge in the swimming pool. After about a half-hour, Chad’s mom came running in and said they had an accident with the boat and that little Nick was knocked unconscious. We ran from the pool to see what exactly happened. Chad’s sister told us that another boat was traveling way too fast in the no-wake zone while not paying attention and struck the front of our boat. When the boats collided it took everyone a few minutes to notice that Nick was lying face down on the floor of the boat. Panic arose when his mother noticed him lying there motionless. It turned out the other boat actually hit this little boy in the head when

Harassment And Discrimination Of Homosexuals Education Essay

Homosexuals are capable to more harassment and favoritism than any other minority because straight persons frequently view homosexualism as a pick. Harmonizing to Charlie Bradley, a newsman for Associated Content, homophiles are frequently the mark of violent hatred offenses because of homophobia, dogmatism, spiritual persecution, fright and ignorance. Such ill will, if non controlled, can take to violence such as hate offenses and self-destruction. Harmonizing to Janet Fontaine, one in three stripling self-destructions is caused by issues with sexual individuality. Students frequently have emotional, societal and psychological issues because they do non hold the same protection from torment as heterosexual pupils. Homosexuals are four to five times more likely to go down than straight persons when covering with issues with their gender. Adolescents spend two-thirds of their twenty-four hours at school, so jobs like torment at school will go important adequate to impact the remainder of their day-to-day life. My solution to this job is to supply protection and guidance of LGBT pupils in our secondary public school systems. There are several ways to carry through this, such as making a safe zone or a gay/straight confederation, one-on-one guidance with a professionally trained counsellor to help LGBT pupils with their peculiar state of affairss, recommending active protection from instructors, parents, and decision makers and making policies to protect these pupils from favoritism and torment. Exposing striplings to a support system will let them to construct healthy relationships, non merely in school but besides in mundane life. A better apprehension of who precisely is a â€Å" sexual minority † is the footing for understanding issues which LGBT pupils experience. â€Å" Sexual minority † in this essay is defined as any stripling with a sexual individuality that stands in resistance to rigorous heterosexualism. Anastasia Hansen describes LGBT pupils as anyone who identifies as sapphic, homosexual, bisexual, or transgender, engages in homosexual behaviour, or experiences same-sex attractive force ( Hansen 1 ) . Identifying as a homosexual, nevertheless, can take to persecution. Further, I find a better apprehension of what constitutes strong-arming to be good to acknowledging the difference between â€Å" badgering † and torment. Dan Olweus, who developed the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, defines strong-arming in his book Bullying: What We Know and What We Can Make every bit, â€Å" A individual is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over clip, to negative actions on the portion of one or more other individuals, and he or she has trouble supporting himself or herself. † Strong-arming leads to societal and physiological issues every bit good as force. On February 12, 2008, Brandon McInerney told another pupil to â€Å" state good-bye to Larry because you will ne'er see him once more. † Larry King, an openly homosexual pupil, was sitting in the E.O. Green School computing machine lab when McInerney shot him twice in the caput at blunt scope. Two yearss subsequently, King died in a local infirmary after being on life-support for several yearss. McInerney had harassed King in the yesteryear ; the school ne'er stepped in to set a halt to the torment. Cases like this are what make people think, â€Å" Why did n't anyone protect him? How can we forestall this from go oning to our kids? † It is the occupation of instructors, decision makers, and staff to actively listen to how pupils talk to each other. A individual of authorization must do it really clear that torment is unacceptable and will be purely punished. They must protect our pupils. Teachers spend more clip with our kids than any other decision maker in schools and they must play an active function in protecting our LGBT pupils from strong-arming and torment. The hours each twenty-four hours that they spend with our pupils gives them equal clip to measure a kid ‘s province of head. They must pay attending to what our pupils are stating and making to each other. This would forestall tease and torment from intensifying to battles and assault. With the work burden a instructor experiences, this is frequently a really hard undertaking. Teachers merely must listen to a kid ‘s ailment of being bullied and take action ( Birkett, Espelage, Koeing 991 ) . If a instructor finds a pupil is holding a job with another pupil, a instructor needs to instantly inform the parents and decision makers. The following class would be disciplinary action. The instructor so can make up one's mind whether the LGBT pupil should have extra aid through guidance. Students must accommodate to a batch of force per unit areas. LGBT pupils, in peculiar, trade with normal equal force per unit area every bit good as issues of being a sexual minority. Students of a sexual minority are pressured towards heterosexual relationships because that is what is perceived to be normal. Students may deny their gender, isolate themselves, and experience depression. Students with reding place positive ways to pass on feelings and are more disposed to develop healthy relationships ( Zubernis and Snyder 2 ) . It is a counsellor ‘s function to make a safe environment at school and protect all LGBT pupils from the frequently hostile homophobic political orientation that other pupils and instructors possess. A counsellor can recommend alteration in the current policies a school possess to explicitly protect LGBT pupils from torment, favoritism, and force. Teachers should work with parents in protecting our pupils. Parents should besides actively listen to their kids. If a kid complains of being bullied, they should reach the instructor and decision makers to discourse what should be done to relieve the job ( Olweus ) . Stairss should be taken to advocate both pupils involved and disciplinary action should be taken. At times, instructors and decision makers deny there is a job. This inactive attitude will let the torment to intensify to violent hate offenses and the â€Å" bully † would see that is behavior is acceptable and go on. If the school decision makers refuse to take action, I would propose the parent contact school board members to recommend alteration in school policies. Parents and instructors can protect an single pupil in their schoolroom, but they do non ever have the power to alter regulations and ordinances to protect all pupils. Administrators must recommend for regulations sing torment to protect all pupils, including LGBT pupils. Administrators should besides back up pupils in making nines, confederations and particular involvement groups to back up LGBT pupils. I have found in my research a deficiency of published composing about how a pupil or decision maker can physically amend or alter policies to protect LGBT pupils. In malice of deficiency of published authorship, The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program was developed by the authorities of Norway to make an intercession plan ; it was studied on much of the population. The plan began by developing parents on how to acknowledge when your kid is being bullied. They made a program of the school so there would be no blind-spots for strong-arming outside a instructor ‘s ticker. If a kid continued to hassle other kids, he or she was removed from the school, given behavior alteration preparation, and transferred to another school. After 20 months, at the terminal of the survey, the Norse authorities confirmed that strong-arming jobs were reduced by about 50 per centum. A instructor can besides help in the organisation of nines and confederations giving pupils a â€Å" safe infinite † to travel to. A Gay/Straight Alliance would give homosexual and heterosexual pupils a topographic point to develop positive relationships in a merriment, mellow environment. Gay/Straight Alliances give LGBT pupils a â€Å" safe infinite † to have equal mediation and guidance. These plans are unfastened to any pupil who identifies as an LGBT pupil or has an involvement in back uping other LGBT pupils and altering policies that do non back up and protect LGBT pupils from favoritism and torment ( Lee 20 ) . Harmonizing to a survey done by Eugene Wall of University of Denver, there are a figure of ways all pupils benefit from Gay/Straight Alliances. In his survey, he found the dropout rate, general torment, sexual torment, the feeling of an insecure environment, transporting of arms, and frequent absences are higher in schools without Gay/Straight Alliances than schools with them ( Wall 5-7 ) . Gay/Straight Alliances frequently have school patrons who have particular preparation to help LGBT pu pils develop positive attitudes toward their gender. These counsellors are normally trained in psychological science and possible gender surveies. These counsellors assist pupils with school and calling advice every bit good as issues with their gender. The Gay/Straight Alliance patron would besides be available to measure an LGBT pupil ‘s province of head. If a pupil becomes down or experiences anxiousness, the patron could find if he or she is in demand of extra support through guidance. Patrons will besides hold an active function as an militant in altering policies to protect LGBT pupils. Detailss of policies protecting pupils from favoritism are frequently wide. Most policies province that pupils can non be discriminated against based on their race, ethnicity, faith, etc. The â€Å" etc, † nevertheless, does non ever include LGBT pupils. Students in schools that do non possess policies to protect LGBT pupils are more likely to hold cases of torment and force. Chesir-Teran and Hughes besides claim that pupils of schools that have organisation and policies to protect them have fewer studies of torment and force and pupils are â€Å" more likely to comprehend their school environment as safe, tolerant, and respectful toward a sexual minority person † ( Chesir-Teran and Hughes 3 ) . This feeling of regard and safety is what encourages a pupil to go on to keep good classs and attend school on a regular basis. Students who are involved in a positive environment are less likely to develop depression, anxiousness, and psychological jobs. Gay/Straight Alliance and reding give LGBT pupils a safe topographic point when they find grownups they can swear. Schools that possess policies to protect pupils have fewer cases of favoritism, torment, and violent hatred offenses. Merely when we wholly change the manner decision makers control their pupils and schools will LGBT pupils experience wholly safe within their school walls. With aid from pupils, instructors, and decision makers, schools can go the safe, comfy larning environment it is meant to be.

Not to Late Essays - Obesity, Bariatrics, Human Weight, Body Shape

Not to Late Essays - Obesity, Bariatrics, Human Weight, Body Shape Not to Late America is faced with an epidemic that seems to have not changed in years. Nearly two-thirds of the United States population is overweight. Three out of every four children are either overweight or obese. Obesity is a term used to describe body weight that is much greater than what is considered healthy. The extra weight puts added stress on all parts of the body. Obesity-related diseases are a $147 billion dollar medical burden every year. Consequently, obesity is wide spread among American teenagers; the causes are complex and include behavioral, biological, and cultural reasons. The behavioral habit of American teenagers is the convenience of high-calorie, high-fat snacks and sugary drinks; still, without exercise to balance out the high calorie carbohydrate intake they gain weight. Teenagers take pleasure in fast food restaurants, moreover, for an expeditious meal. They will sit in the car at a drive through window at Burger King and order a combo meal, super sized, with a soda. The act of eating pizza for dinner is also a ritual with teenagers in the United States. These choices made by American teenagers even for a snack can be high in fat. The frequent habit of teenagers is to grab a bag of chips instead of an apple because chips taste better. Thus late night snacking of high in fat foods puts on excess weight when they go to bed shortly after eating them. Equally important, medications for health problems or genetic history in the family can be responsible for obesity with United State teenagers. In addition, family history of obesity can cause teenagers to become over weight. American teenagers with obese parents end up overweight themselves. Passing down bad habits and continuing the cycle with teenagers having obese children themselves. Also, one side affect of some medications is it puts weight on a teenager causing him/her to become obese. Teenagers that take stair erode medications for treatment of an illness will cause them to gain weight. Teenage females that take any form of birth control, for reasons of their own gain weight from it as a side effect. Some cultural heritages come together with lots of food and drink; consequently, staying up for hours eating. Family and friends congregate around a table with food and drinks, for some cultures this is a ritual. It is customary to bring one of their favorite dishes to a home of family members. Teenagers sit around the table consuming different dishes for hours. Furthermore, the food dishes that are brought to the ?get together? are loaded with fat that is unhealthy for teenagers. Relatives bring food with lots of carbohydrates in the dishes for everyone try. Some of the dishes are even flowing with grease, and it?s unhealthy for teenagers. In conclusion, American teenagers are obese; but with proper lifestyle changes and adherence to behavioral, biological, and cultural reasons can lower risk of obesity. Teenage obesity dramatically shortens life expectancy. It leads to all types of medical problems such as depression, diabetes, and long term health problems, and early death. Society must make sure teens understand the benefits of losing the weight without focusing on the social aspects of body weight. Society puts too much pressure on kids to be perfect creatures of stellar appearance. Encouraging them to lose the weight in order to gain a much healthier lifestyle and live a longer and healthier life is the best message.

The Perils of Slinging Slang

The Perils of Slinging Slang The Perils of Slinging Slang The Perils of Slinging Slang By Mark Nichol To slang, or not to slang? First, it’s important to make a distinction between slang and genre dialect. If you’re writing crime noir set during the Depression, your readers are going to expect some gaudy patter about gats and dames and gin joints. And if your novel is set in the Old West, there’s going to be a lot of shootin’ and ridin’ and â€Å"pardner† this and â€Å"stranger† that. But you have to strike a balance an excess of slang within dialect will easily tip homage into parody. And, prithee, don’t clutter your medieval romance or high fantasy with feverishly filigreed language that would require subtitles if it were to be adapted to film. A more immediate danger, however, is in incorporating contemporary lingo or catchphrases into fiction that takes place in the present or in nonfiction about a current topic. Ten years on, â€Å"Not that there’s anything wrong with that† or â€Å"Not so much† still work, but they’re getting stale. Soon, they’ll likely be as irrelevant as those everything-but-the-kitchen-sink parody movies like Scary Movie and Epic Movie, where look-alike cameos of pop-culture 15-minute wonders pop up randomly, with hilarity presumably ensuing. Some years back, I read a detective novel featuring a black private eye in which the narrative and the dialogue alike were laced with â€Å"Aaaiiiiight† and other African American elocution. It was less annoying than you might think (the authenticity was actually refreshing), but the novelty was just that in retrospect, an ephemeral affectation. The medium for which you write will determine the shelf life of slang. Online publication can be almost instantaneous, but it lives on forever, and the slang therein soon loses its luster. Newspaper readers are more forgiving, because they’re consuming the paper’s news and feature articles in the moment, but a magazine article sees print up to several months after submission (and people are likely to hold on to periodicals than papers), and books and film scripts are written a year or more before they hit the shelves and screens. Some slang lives forever booze and â€Å"beat it† are each hundreds of years old and occasionally a slang term (mob, for example, or lousy) becomes part of standard speech, but be prudent about incorporating slang into your writing; individual writers who nominate rad or groovy for posterity when something with the staying power of cool is available risk distracting their readers with an unintentional verbal equivalent of a speed bump. Slang can also be misinterpreted, or may at least interfere with comprehension, as language shifts. The context will probably help your readers understand what you mean by tranny, but as the diminutive of transvestite overtakes that for transmission in terms of frequency of use, any employment of it for the latter meaning outside of a car magazine may elicit an interruption of concentration. The ubiquity of slang in spoken discourse inures us to it, but when it is sealed in print or online like a pressed flower, it may lose its bloom, so chill, aaaiiiiight? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations3 Types of Essays Are Models for Professional Writing Forms

Implications of Copernicanism essays

Implications of Copernicanism essays The full implications of Copernicanism could be considered to have only emerged within the last century, sustained by the arrival of Quantum Mechanics and the breakdown of religious, political and ideological eschatology. Its principles can be seen to lead directly to the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann cosmological models, successful in predicting the existence and spectrum of cosmic microwave background radiation. However, despite the later successful nature of the Copernican model, the papal authorities only permitted the astronomer Joseph Settle in 1820 to declare that cosmological motion was such that the Earth and other planets rotated about the Sun. This principle of astronomy was an apex of Copernicus proposals in the sixteenth century, and so it is interesting to consider why acceptance of his claims about the Universe was not widespread for nearly three hundred years. The eventual acknowledgement of a heliocentric Universe represented a paradigm shift away from the wide ly accepted Ptolemaic system wherein the Universe was geocentric, with the planets and stars orbiting in a symmetric and circular manner. Gott wrote, The Copernican revolution taught us it was a mistake to assume, without sufficient reason, that we occupy a privileged position in the Universe, and it would seem that this, alongside an understanding of the Aristotelian philosophy, may contribute toward an explanation of the reluctance of those living in the sixteenth century, to accept Copernicus ideas. More generally, it seems the purports of Copernicus writings challenge four principal and interrelated cornerstones of sixteenth century religion, philosophy and authority. With consideration of the Churchs power and influence during the period, it is also important to examine the strict enforcement of religious decrees as evidenced by the Counter-Reformation and Galileos later trial. Of paramount significance is ...

A single economic concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A single economic concept - Essay Example The process aims at identifying the costs that the company can reduce in the long run or ways that the company can increase its revenues in the long run which can marginally increase the element of profit for it for a given level of output or even by increasing the level of output. (Investorwords) Whichever cost is sustained by a company can be grouped into two categories which are variable costs and fixed costs. Variable costs change with the increase in the output while the fixed costs are sustained by the entity stay the same whatever be the output, which also includes zero output. When the company has attained the point where its total costs have equaled the total revenue, it has reached the point of break even and each additional product of the company will generate pure profit for which only the variable costs will be charged and the fixed cost will be spared as the breakeven has already covered them so an increase in the level of output can aid in the profitability of the company with greater margin of profit. For each unit sold or service offered, the marginal profit of the company is the difference of the revenue and the cost of that particular product. If the revenue for a unit of product is greater than the unit cost of that product then the profit for the unit is positive and vice

LEGAL ADVICE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEGAL ADVICE - Research Paper Example Continuously, the healthcare costs trend of the university has been on the increase at a rate of between 10-15% yearly. Though this is economically tenable given the current economic environment, a steering committee was formed to form a five-year initiative to lead the organization for another five year term period. Based on the aforementioned gap and prioritization analyses, as well as our learning from benchmark studies, it is intended that the following areas will receive priority over the next five years. Between Years, One and Two MHCI has to plan to undertake the following initiatives: 1. Development and implementation of a comprehensive communications plan to move people to action around health improvement 2. Annual offering of free, confidential wellness assessments for regular, active UM faculty and staff, including a health questionnaire and wellness screening 3. Provision of wellness assessment participation incentives for eligible faculty and staff 4. Post health questio nnaire follow?up and referral to helpful programs and health coaching designed to help individuals reduce their health risks and/or maintain their low?risk status 5. Implementation and evaluation of population?based wellness programs such as Active U, healthy eating, online tools related to ergonomics and mental and emotional health 6. Analysis of the alignment and integration of MHealthy programs with UM health care benefit offerings 7. Analysis and implementation of innovative programs designed to improve the value of health care in Michigan and beyond From Years, Three through five a shift in the initiative planning strategies will take a different form as follows: 1. Continued provision of wellness assessments and incentives (wellness screenings to be provided in years three and five) 2. Detailed program analysis to determine impact on health improvement, culture change and cost containment strategies 3. Additional strategic program planning based on outcomes from detailed progr am analysis 4. Continued analysis of the alignment and integration of MHealthy programs with UM health care benefit offerings 5. Lastly, we will ensure continued analysis and implementation of innovation programs for effectiveness and efficiency in the organization. The recommendations in the development of the initiatives are considered a business imperative as well as the right thing to do. It is essential to the overall well?being of the University and its employees to improve health and at the same time, slow the growth in health care costs. Elements of administrative laws and their relevance to the upcoming initiative This branch of the laws includes the laws and the principles of law, which will lead to the administration, and the regulation of MHCI. Such elements include those that will enable the organization perform multiple tasks to their target clients and the citizens at large with regard to the required regulatory frameworks. Such elements of the law include the resourc e protection elements, transport regulation elements, the food and health protection elements of the law. Because not all administrative law systems are the same, it is imperative for an individual to have knowledge of the political, historical, social, and economic context of the system of a particular state to fully understand its administrative law. In most systems, a state’

Preparation of sample for NMR analysis and integration Essay

Preparation of sample for NMR analysis and integration - Essay Example Unlike the other spectroscopy types, the sample quality in NMR bears a insightful effect on the resulting spectrum quality. Therefore, the sample prepared provides a spectrum where useful information is retained, not lost, or obscured. Sample preparation thus stands critical in the analysis and integration of NMR results. The scope of work will cover sample Purification, given that this determines the resulting spectrum, sample collection, and sample Preparation for NMR integration and Analysis. NMR spectrum is the basic source of data that relates to the structure of the compound. Therefore, it is required that the spectrum analysis be done properly to obtain or get a good and reasonable data set for analysis. Under any particular circumstance, the preparation of the NMR sample is not allowed at the NMR room, thus the lab is used or a special lab. A solid or pure liquid can not just be put into the NMR. A series of preparation steps needs to be followed to prepare the sample thus covering the scope of work to be done. If one has a liquid to be analyzed, one or two drops of the liquid are put on a clean NMR tube retrieved from the oven. Approximately 3fingers worth of the deuterated (CDCl3) solvent is added to the tube. This procedure forms the scope of work because the NMR cannot work if the solvent (deuterated) is not used. When one has a solid, it becomes easier to put the solid into the small test tube and almost the same amount of deuterated solvent added and the solid allowed dissolving in the solvent before transferring to the NMR tube (Weizmann Institute of Science,2009). Weizmann Institute of Science., 2009. Sample preparation & NMR Tubes. [Online] Available at: [Accessed November 14,

Market planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Market planning - Essay Example For our marketing, we will adopt an Integrated Marketing Communication where all types of marketing tools that is sales promotions, advertisements, direct marketing, below the line activities as well as internet marketing are all synchronized so that there lies no conflict amongst any of them and consumers get the right image in their minds of a purely hygienic and light weight chips. Tyrrell’s Company is re-introducing its CREX light and crispy chips which are not only delicious but available at cheap rates. The company aims not only to increase sales but to enhance customer equity. Our move is to increase recognition especially amongst teenage population of United Kingdom. We also aim to improve our brand image by showing other that in our attempt to sell low fat goods we are showing our environmental friendly and caring attitude towards the people who can fall a prey to obesity. We as a â€Å"TYRELL CHIPS COMPANY† are ambitious to provide our customers the best quality of food at an affordable price. We believe in long term buyer-customer relationship and continue to adapt ourselves to the changing customers needs. Marketing Objectives should have three characteristics of being specific, measurable and should be achievable.(Small Business notes,2009) We plan to increase sales of our low calorie baked potato chips â€Å"Crex† to the teenage group in United Kingdom. With this regard we seek to remind consumers of our product by conveying to them our Unique Selling Proposition and as a result expect sales to increase by 10% in 9 months. Majority of various food manufacturers are in a struggle to produce low calorie products as pressurized by the UK government which stresses on to reduce obesity amongst children.(Red Orbit 2007) .A 10.6% share is held by the bakery products segment in which low-fat potato crisps have a lead. Hence, most of the companies use corn and rice based products to increase dietary element and reduce any chance of gaining

Do Annual Financial Reports have to be so lengthy and cluttered Essay

Do Annual Financial Reports have to be so lengthy and cluttered - Essay Example According to a recent report by Deloitte, many of the larger firms have reports that are more than 309 pages in length. Companies disclose their business risks, the key performance indicators, and these disclosures are in response to the EU Transparency Obligations Directive. A few areas that lead to clutter are immaterial disclosures, needless explanations that prevent the reader from understanding important information. Other areas for clutter are long explanations given as declarations and footnotes that do not change every year. Other examples are detailed notes online items, share-based payments and so on. These are included more as behavioural influence from the previous years. Accountants fear comments from regulatory agencies that the reports do not disclose all the required information and hence they include a number of declarations and narrations about even minor items. Other areas that lead to excess clutter is information on corporate social responsibility, deferred tax, directors’ report and statutory information, financial instruments, intangibles, principal subsidies, movement tables, post-retirement benefits, principal risks and remuneration report.... Other examples are detailed notes on line items, share based payments and so on. These are included more as behavioural influence from the previous years (Campbell and Slack, 2008). Accountants fear comments from regulatory agencies that the reports do not disclose all the required information and hence they include a number of declarations and narrations about even minor items. Other areas that lead to excess clutter is information on corporate social responsibility, deferred tax, directors’ report and statutory information, financial instruments, intangibles, principal subsidies, movement tables, post retirement benefits, principal risks and remuneration report (Holmes, et al, 2008). One of the most abused areas that have excessive clutter is the Corporate Social Responsibility section. Many firms, such as BP and Wall-Mart, actually devote more areas on providing information and high gloss pictures on the CSR activities than they do for the actual financial reporting (Kindle berger and Aliber, 2005). While the information given in this section is entertaining and helps to understand that the company does social work also, the large volumes of information, data about various committees, sub activities, and so on do not help an investor to allot resources or to understand the health of the firm (Humpherys, et al, 2011). Another area that sees the most clutter is the section on governance. The UK Corporate Governance Code has 52 provisions but firms can show compliance to only 18. In the annual report, the firm can demonstrate how it has complied with these 18 codes. For the remaining codes, it can give the number and state briefly the reason for non-compliance. However, many

Islamic Politics and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic Politics and Culture - Essay Example The main internal and external issues to be explored or followed by the Muslim societies to bring programmatic changes are: low status of women, low development investment, lack of secular education, emergence of political Islam and religious fundamentalism. Most of the Muslim societies are male dominated and this limits the upward mobility of the women in these societies. For instance, most of the Muslim societies in the Middle East are male dominated. This limits the women from entering the public domain and confines them within their private domain or family. This is an important problem to be solved because it is totally against individual freedom and liberty. The problem of low status of women is most critical in Islamic Republics like Iran. The Islamic societies show reluctance towards foreign investment and it curbs the development of these societies. To be specific, the Islamic societies, especially the Middle Eastern nations, consider that foreign investment may lead to the influence of Western culture and lifestyle over Islamic way of life. Besides, stories about the influence of extremism over the Muslim societies create much tension among the foreign investors. The multinational corporations are not ready to invest in the Muslim societies. This leads to low development investment and underdevelopment. The Muslim societies consider religious education helps an individual to live according to the Islamic way of life. Within this context, more importance is given to religious education and it leads to the negative attitude towards secular education. One can see that secular education is helpful to have a broader outlook of the world. On the other side, education based upon a specific religion hinders the development of an individual. So, lack of secular education leads the Muslim societies to consider that other religions are their enemies. The emergence of political Islam is another issue to be

Market planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Market planning - Essay Example For our marketing, we will adopt an Integrated Marketing Communication where all types of marketing tools that is sales promotions, advertisements, direct marketing, below the line activities as well as internet marketing are all synchronized so that there lies no conflict amongst any of them and consumers get the right image in their minds of a purely hygienic and light weight chips. Tyrrell’s Company is re-introducing its CREX light and crispy chips which are not only delicious but available at cheap rates. The company aims not only to increase sales but to enhance customer equity. Our move is to increase recognition especially amongst teenage population of United Kingdom. We also aim to improve our brand image by showing other that in our attempt to sell low fat goods we are showing our environmental friendly and caring attitude towards the people who can fall a prey to obesity. We as a â€Å"TYRELL CHIPS COMPANY† are ambitious to provide our customers the best quality of food at an affordable price. We believe in long term buyer-customer relationship and continue to adapt ourselves to the changing customers needs. Marketing Objectives should have three characteristics of being specific, measurable and should be achievable.(Small Business notes,2009) We plan to increase sales of our low calorie baked potato chips â€Å"Crex† to the teenage group in United Kingdom. With this regard we seek to remind consumers of our product by conveying to them our Unique Selling Proposition and as a result expect sales to increase by 10% in 9 months. Majority of various food manufacturers are in a struggle to produce low calorie products as pressurized by the UK government which stresses on to reduce obesity amongst children.(Red Orbit 2007) .A 10.6% share is held by the bakery products segment in which low-fat potato crisps have a lead. Hence, most of the companies use corn and rice based products to increase dietary element and reduce any chance of gaining

Islamic Politics and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic Politics and Culture - Essay Example The main internal and external issues to be explored or followed by the Muslim societies to bring programmatic changes are: low status of women, low development investment, lack of secular education, emergence of political Islam and religious fundamentalism. Most of the Muslim societies are male dominated and this limits the upward mobility of the women in these societies. For instance, most of the Muslim societies in the Middle East are male dominated. This limits the women from entering the public domain and confines them within their private domain or family. This is an important problem to be solved because it is totally against individual freedom and liberty. The problem of low status of women is most critical in Islamic Republics like Iran. The Islamic societies show reluctance towards foreign investment and it curbs the development of these societies. To be specific, the Islamic societies, especially the Middle Eastern nations, consider that foreign investment may lead to the influence of Western culture and lifestyle over Islamic way of life. Besides, stories about the influence of extremism over the Muslim societies create much tension among the foreign investors. The multinational corporations are not ready to invest in the Muslim societies. This leads to low development investment and underdevelopment. The Muslim societies consider religious education helps an individual to live according to the Islamic way of life. Within this context, more importance is given to religious education and it leads to the negative attitude towards secular education. One can see that secular education is helpful to have a broader outlook of the world. On the other side, education based upon a specific religion hinders the development of an individual. So, lack of secular education leads the Muslim societies to consider that other religions are their enemies. The emergence of political Islam is another issue to be

My first car Essay Example for Free

My first car Essay So, this is freedom. That was the first thought that crossed, ironically, through my mind as I shook the empty gas-can back and forth, hearing the trickle of fuel inside slosh around the conspicuously light container. My car had glided that March morning, on empty, into a rest-stop just off the Interstate. The rest-stop was pretty much deserted, though I spotted a highway patrol car parked in on one of the slanted slots nearby. I decided that would be my best bet for getting immediate assistance. As I sat in the silent car, looking at the fuel gauge which dipped far beneath Empty I drew a deep breath and savored the pine-scented odor of air-freshener (a rectangular, green ornament that hung on the rear-view mirror) mixed with the smell of vinyl and the faint, teasing, scent of gasoline and I suddenly realized my former calculations had been dead wrong. For the longest time, since I first rode the go-carts at amusement parks or at county fairs as a kid, Id dreamed of the day that Id own my own real car. The association between freedom and cars in my mind was so strong that it was almost painful to me for those long, pre-license years. When I finally found myself behind the wheel of my own car, with the key in the ignition, car-stereo booming, and my foot on the accelerator, it was thrilling! But as soon as I pulled into traffic, or got stuck at a red light, or found myself cut-off by some idiot on the road, my dream of absolute freedom became a bit more tainted. By the time Id run out of gas at the rest-stop, Id reached the conclusion that despite the myth which is generated about cars in American society, cars do not represent freedom, individuality, or escape from everyday troubles. In fact, cars represent the exact opposite of freedom. As I sat there, out of gas, and rehearsing my self-introduction to the highway patrolman, I thought about the reality of cars and how that reality conflicted, very deeply, with my dreams. If I thought about it deeply, I realized that the dent in the dream had actually occurred much sooner than my disillusionment regarding traffic-jams and one-way streets. The problems started right from the beginning when Id taken the written-test and road-test to acquire my drivers license. The stench of freedom-killing beureuacracy could not have been any stronger. Standing in a long-line for hours, filling out forms in triplicate, having your vision tested, your picture taken, having everything right down to the disposition of your bodily organs in the event of your untimely death pinpointed and notated on a handy, laminated card which you were to keep upon your person at all times these aspects alone should have told me, as clearly as the bleached and stained floor of the Secretary of States overcrowded facility that freedom and cars were actually conflicting ideas. The destruction of my dream continued, after registering the car and paying for the outsized insurance policy which was afforded to people of my age and gender, I realized that, because the car was a used-car, and already had nearly 100,000 miles on it, that Id better be at least somewhat selective about driving long-distances. In fact, due to a couple of strange knocks and bumps that seemed to crop up whenever the car was going over 55 mph, Id decided that taking long road-trips in the car was probably a very bad idea. That ditched my dream of visiting the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in my own car, and my dream of taking a long trip to the coast of Florida or California. Id dreamed about all of these trips and many more in the years leading up to the day that I bought my first car. Realizing almost immediately, that my more flamboyant dreams were dead in the water, i consoled myself with happy thoughts of cruising around my town and the nearby outskirts with my friends. Unfortunately, this dream was also put to an early test when I realized that cruising costs quite a bit of money due to gasoline and other miscellaneous expenses like fast-food, sodas, snacks, and whatnot. The first time I went cruising with only a single dollar to put in my gas-tank, I actually paid that dollar in quarters, nickels, and dimes. Up to that point Id always envisioned gas-stations as friendly oasis that spewed forth fuel, snacks, and soda. Up to the point of paying for gas myself, Id always thought of gasoline pretty much as I thought of water: ubiquitous and unending. After only a week of car ownership, IU started to watch the gas-needle like a hawk and I got miffed if anyone asked me for a ride somewhere without also offering to pay for gas. Not only was it a hit to my wallet, but the expense of maintaining the car was embarrassing because I simply couldnt handle the expenses. Or chose not to handle them. Given the choice between a lube job and an oil change or buying a new video game or C. D. , I usually, if not always, chose the latter. If it was a choice between having the (retread) tires rotated, or going out to see a band, I always chose what was fun adn not what was practical. Eventually, the car became little more than a loadstone around my neck. The interior of the car became almost like a closet because I pitched a lot of my stuff in there and forgot about it; other people pitched stuff there and in the trunk. Most of the time, the car sat, gas-needle tipping toward empty and it usually looked like it needed to be washed. A couple of the service engine soon lights also blinked on at intervals and the knocking noises kept on knocking. I had descended from my dream of freedom into the reality of ownership. The car , as a dream, represented freedom and escape to faraway places; the car, in reality, represented a responsibility and expense which pretty much insured that the only use I would be able to get out of the car would be to drive it back and forth to work. IN fact, due to thee expense of the car, I was forced to take an extra part-time job, the following Spring, in order to have some work done on its transmission. As it happened, the job was in a town a few miles away from my home, but, because I had a car, getting there and back posed little obstacle. That is: until I ran out of gas in the rest stop. Sitting there in the mostly-empty parking lot, I contemplated the dissolution of my dream but comforted myself one small triumph. My car had run out of gas, but, steering into the rest-stop on fumes, Id guided my car into an empty parking slot. It was the first time I could remember not having to circle a parking lot searching for a place to park. Outline: Thesis statement: Cars represent not freedom but responsibility. 1. Cars are promoted in America as emblems of freedom. 2. Cars are actually part of a complex beureuacracy. 3. The costs of maintaining a car are high. 4. Mostly, cars are used to take people back and forth to work. To pay for their cars. 5. Rather than freedom, cars usually represent responsibility.

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay 1.0 Introduction People live in the globe dominated by super brand however, the term brand which has sometime wrong definition and misunderstood by the consumer. Brand correspond in the form of logo, letter headed paper, graphic representations, critical thinking and attractive colour combination, signs and symbols, slogan that is common belief to everyone (http://www.redbullet.co.uk/). A brand is symbol and sign, name or product, service, concept or logo that distinguishes to identify and expressed a specific business or company, product, service which can be usually communicated to market to increase the consumer. According to the Business and Management of Dictionary, a brand is a name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differentiate them from goods of competitors. One of the most popular advertising companies Walter Landor said that basically, a brand just like a promise that associating and demonstrating a service or product which delivers a promise of sat isfaction and better quality (http://www.sideroad.com/Branding/). In addition, when an organization or company creates a colour full new logo or name for a particular products or service to introduce the competitive market, a brand has been developed or formed. On the other hand, Brand is protected by registering trademark or service mark from an authorized company, specially a government, so that organizations or parties have no permission to use same particular logo or name. It is tremendous effective elements of advertising to market for a company. It is represented of goods or services on behalf of brand owner are offering in the marketplace. Consumer behaviour is important value added to buy a brand product or services to justify the quality, price, colour and existence. In the market place branded products always high price and better quality such as Motorola, Samsung, than non branded product such as Chinese mobile. Customer may look or intention to buy quality, expensive bra nded product to evaluate of the reputation of the brand. It is very important of brand owner for company success, increase profit margin and spread reputation by giving better service, better quality product to keep the costumer. 2.0 Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as below: To examine the factors that influences the consumers to shift towards Nokia Brand. To Build new business strategy for the all level consumer. To use effective advertise to the target group(consumer) that will most be interested to consumer To study and establish a theory that, how Brand Influences consumers to purchases than retail store. To create a major selling idea for different consumer that Use the brand, the feeling get good to consumer. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Brand A brand is a symbol and symbols, names, or product, service or logo to identify the concept and is different with a specific business or company, product, service, which can normally be communicated to the market to increase to the consumer. Good brand images are instantly evoked, are positive, and are almost always unique among competitive brands. Brand image can of brand communications such as packaging to be strengthened, advertising, promotion, customer service and other aspects of the brand (http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/glossary/) Brand is the identity of the companys product, brand is very important. it brings popularity for enterprise product as well as fame, prestige, respect. Nowadays business competitive There are several brands on the market, everyone has their identity, make their mark. For example: I have new Wrangler jeans from a store, look good and I will share with my friends bought. Of course they ask me what the brand was. What is important here, the jeans brand, because the jeans, wrangler get the particular shop. The brand is very important to purchase an influence on consumers. (http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/) 3.2 Attributes of strong brands -Excels at delivering deigned benefits -Stage relevant -Priced to meet perceptions of value -Well designed brand hierarchy -Positioned properly 3.3 The Role of Brands -Identify the maker -Simplify products holding -Organize accounting -Offer legal production -Signify quality -Creates barriers to entry 3.4 Types of Brand Marketing theory suggests that there are three types of brand names: Family brand Individual brand Combination brand In this paper I will go to Individual brand names which I selected Nokia, how it is it influences consumer to purchases. (http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/brand) logo.gif (http://shop.nokia.co.uk/nokia-uk/) 3.5 Nokia Brand Nokias first century began with Fredrik Idestam paper mill on the banks of the river Nokianvirta. Between 1865 and 1967, the company would become a major industrial power, but it took a merger with a cable company and a rubber company focused on the new Nokia Corporation is set on the way to electronics. (http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/). Nokia is engaged in the manufacture of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries with over 123,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in over 150 countries worldwide and annual sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 41,000,000,000 and operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,200,000,000 in 2009. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones. Its global device market share was about 39% in 2009, compared to 37% in 2008 and 38% in 2009, and its converged device market share was about 40% in 2008, compared to 35% in the year 2009. Nokia produces mobile devices for all major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA and W-CDMA (UMTS). Nokia provides Internet services such as applications, games, music, cards, media and messaging platform with its Ovi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia). 3.6 Nokia in Bangladesh Nokia is the worlds leading mobile phone supplier and a leading provider of mobile and fixed telecom networks including related customer service. When Nokia introduced into the market of Bangladesh, it was considered the largest market in the emerging markets in South Asia. Bangladesh has already become an attractive market for mobile phones with a user base of more than 10 million, and by the end of 2006, this figure is expected to cross 15 million. Nokia officials estimate that in addition to Bangladeshi market, the company is a healthy growth in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives in the coming days have. (http://www.southasiabiz.com/2006) Nokia market share 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)e 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)    http://stats.getjar.com/mr_technology_charts/as/Nokia_BD.png (http://stats.getjar.com/statistics/AS-BD/manufacturer/Nokia) 3.7 Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour concern the psychological processes that consumers go finished his/her needs, and normally find the way to work out these needs and make decision to purchase. For example: whether to buy a product, and if so, what brand and where information about interpret, make plans and implement these plans by comparing the offers, or actually buying a product (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). 3.8 Sources of influence on the consumer There the many sources which influence the consumer behaviour. The below figure shows how many sources influences to consumer:    Influences on Consumer Behavior (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). Social factors also influence consumer behaviour Cultural influences consumer behaviour Digital Revolution influences on Consumer Behaviour E-Shopping influences on consumer Behaviour 3.9 Decision making The five models imply that the customers can buy from each of five stages. However, for more workaday buy decision, the consumer may modify or delete some of the present. The first one is problem recognition The second step is information search The third step involves evaluation of alternatives Finally, the purchase stage, and post-purchase evolution buying_decision_process (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.10 Problem Recognition A product to buy is customer need recognition occurs when an individual senses a difference between what the consumer seems to be the ideal and the actual state of affairs. A consumer intended to buy things when they think the quality of a product to solve a problem, makes the recognition of the step on the sale of a product. Bad recognition sometimes recognized as a problem. For example, the car is always difficult to start and the acceleration is not good. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.11 Information Search Consumers to search for information in order to satisfy their unmet needs. Find inner can, bring knowledge from memory or external, it can, collecting data from their peers, family, and the marketplace. The efficient search for keywords such as social class, income, and size of purchase, the experience and perception determines (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer). 3.12 Evaluation of alternatives The next stage of the consumer decision process shall consider alternatives in the search identified at this stage, consumers are looking for answers to questions like, what are my options? And which is best? When they compare, contrast and select from different products or services. Consumers compare what they know about different products and brands, what to do with the key and begin to resolve in the area of narrow alternatives before finally considering buying one of them. It evaluates specific model to a set of attributes they used to put together, including safety, reliability, price, warranty, and the number of cup holders is based. It also considers how he felt things like property and assesses the use of the phone and where he might buy the phone, a comparison of the various traders and the atmosphere everyone sees. Although he feels some pressure to make decision, he has access to his fathers cell phone. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) Untitled.jpg 3.13 Purchase Behaviour Purchase is the third steps on Consumer Behaviours. After the decision to buy or not buy, he draws two stages. First, consumers choose one vendor over another vendor. Second, decisions concerning saving, by the seller, item displays, convinced media, paper and advertising. Under the plan, the consumer thinks of a particular article or brand to buy. But sometimes, but otherwise buy what they think, in the case of what to purchase during the purchase or the choice of the stage. A consumer prefers a retailer, but selects another in the event of a sale, promotional event, hour, place and problem of traffic. Fox buying products, it is important to examine the consumer motivation and to achieve this goal, easily use means-end chain. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) The Means-End Chain: Consider a logical continuation of the consequences of product usage, which ultimately lead to the wanted end benefit. For example, Consumers will see a car with a big engine, resulting in rapid acceleration, resulting in a feeling of power, leading to a feeling of power, which will ultimately increase consumer self-esteem. http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/intro/Means-End_Chain.png (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.14 Post-purchase Post-purchase behaviour of consumers includes all the activities and experiences that following the purchase. Normally, after a purchase, consumers experience dissonance after purchase. Regret In other words, they make their purchase decision. The reasons for high dissonance after the purchase can be dispensed with the attractiveness and performance of the alternatives, be difficult to purchase, and large number of alternatives. (http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Consumer%) 4.0 Research Methodology A research design is the general plan, as we do about the answer to our question (s). (Saunders et al 2007) Usually it is threefold: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory (Philip Lewis et al 2007). The nature of our study is exploratory study is a valuable tool to find out what happened, to seek new insights, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002, p59). There are three main ways of implementing our exploratory research. A search of the literature: some academic journal papers on computers networks. Interviewing experts in the subject. Conducting focus group interviews. There are three major ways of thinking about research philosophy: epistemology, ontology and axiology. Each provides important diversification is that the way you think influence on research. (Thorn hill et al., 2007) 4.1 Types of Research Methodology There are two approaches to deductive test theory and inductive theory-building. In deductive research, is a theory developed to explain the hypothesis, research design constructed and tested the hypothesis proved or disproved, and presented the findings as objective reality or laws. The process tends to be associated with the positivist approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). On the other hand, is the first data collected and analyzed in inductive research. A theory is how the data analysis is developed. This process tends to be associated with the interpretive approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). 4.2 Deductive approach My proposal is deductive research. Here we have set up a hypothesis. We construct a research design, hypothesis will be tested by an improved statistical method for the collection of data by interview method and the results will be entered with regard to the interpretation. Research method is a systematic and orderly approach to the collection and analysis of data acquired, so that information from these data (Jankowicz, 2005:209) can be obtained. Mentioned among the different methods of research by several authors, some general surveys, experiments, secondary data, observation techniques, grounded theory, action research and ethnography (Sigmund, 1997 and Saunders et al.2007). For the planned research of the scientists, the survey interview, characterized as the most appropriate. 5.0 Data Collection Method Research data are divided into two groups and these are primary and secondary data. For conducting any research data, both the groups are important, but is on the basis of strategy research focusing on specific data group presented. 5.1 Primary Data Primary data is data that is collected specifically for a particular research project for the first time (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005). The primary research can be qualitative, quantitative or both. In my thesis I will present the original data by using the collection of questions and interviews. 5.1.1 Interview It can be taken by individual or by a group. I take the consumer interview that buy Nokia product and interviews that Nokia does not use fire. I think the interviews I will answer directly from the customers. 5.1.2 Questionnaires It is the most popular way of gathering information. It would need an open and close both. The advantage of the questionnaire, I can collect the data by all or a sample of people. 5.1.3 Main sample Sampling is the small proportion of the population in this thesis topic, my example will be the customers of Nokia, employees and managers from Nokia, Nokias competitors, Nokia and age wise user. 5.2 Secondary Data According to Collis and Hussey secondary data on the collection of data from previous studies or studies conducted or done to or gathered by other researchers (Collis Hussey, 2003). Therefore, secondary data from the literature or in documents such as academic research papers can be collected, corporate annual reports, statistics, published advertisements, and statements. In my thesis I will use some relevant books, journals, articles and previous research at the University of Wales Library have available through various books, to have a clear idea about the subject. I will use the Internet as information, articles and magazines. . Magazines are comparatively contains several new concepts and ideas, and up to date information. In my dissertation, I will for literature research and secondary data analysis of the relationship between brand and consumer, brand influences the buying behaviour of consumers, Brad and retention, critical evaluation of the classical theories of brand influences on the attitudes of consumers to purchase used. (http://www.ejbrm.com/vol2/v2-i2/vol2-issue2-art7-knox.pdf, p-123) For any research or any query, if I have the onion diagram it is easy for me to follow my dissertation done in time. 7.0 Limitations There are no available resources for this research. The Nokia brand in Bangladesh market place is too far from here to gather information to effectively complete the research proposal. There are some restrictions on such research, such as: Limited study had been done earlier. Lack of data and information available for research. Lack of consumer behaviour tools through survey. Lack of ration analysis Nokia and non brand Nokia user. 8.0 Time Scale 9.0 Conclusion In Conclusion, this research paper proposed how Brand Nokia influences to consumer purchases behaviour. In my dissertation I will identify some factors that Brand Nokia influences on the customers attitude towards purchase and to establish a theory regarding the business interface and also consumer attitude for purchase. And from this research methodology I will use a Deductive analysis where the data were collected by distributing questionnaire, interview and testing towards the people of Bangladesh Marketplace. In my dissertation, I will also focus comparison between Nokia and other band such as: LG, Sony Ericsson, and Samsung; on consumer purchasing behaviour. This proposal has some limitation and some incomplete information because I did not spend more time and more market survey in different segment towards consumer purchase behaviour on brand product Nokia. Finally, in my dissertation I will give more effective information and add consumer true feelings and give proper informat ion about their preferences, intention, about the product and Understanding their attitude, motivation.

My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George Essay -- My Side Moun

My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George This book is told from the diary of the main character, Sam Gribley. Sam is a boy full of determination. He didn’t give up and go home like everyone thought he would. He is strong of mind. After the first night in the freezing rain, with no fire and no food, he still went on. He is a born survivor. He lasted the winter, through storms, hunger, and loneliness, and came out on top even when everyone expected him to fail. â€Å"The land is no place for a Gribley† p. 9 The story starts out with Sam remembering how he first got to be in his tree in the Catskills. A run-away, Sam Gribley, a young boy who lived in New York City with his family of eleven in a small apartment. None of them liked living there. His father used to talk of the family farm in the Catskill Mountains and the time he ran away to them. Sam decided this would be a way out of the dismal life he had in the city. He prepared himself well by listening very carefully to his father’s stories on survival and read books to be prepared for his planned new life. When it was time to go, he took only a penknife, a ball of cord, some flint and steel, forty dollars, and an ax. The flint and steel were for starting fires. He hitched a ride from a trucker to the town; Delhi, nearest the old family farm. He set out in May, set up a camp in a terrible storm, couldn’t get his fire going was tired, and hungry and realized in order to survive he would have to keep his wits about him. When the storm was over he set out to find his great-grandfathers farm. He found some of the old foundation and the carved name on a tree and knew he was on the family compound of his dreams not terribly far from his soon to be home in the Hemlock tree. Some major problems that presented themselves were the elements, hunger, and loneliness. After surviving the terrible storm he knew he needed to build a safe warm haven for himself. He also wanted a spot that would be not noticeable. He finally decided on an old Hemlock tree where the roots formed a hole and the inner part of the tree was rotting. It took him six months to carve and burn out the Hemlock that would accommodate a bed he made with ash slats and boughs from the Hemlock and a chair for sitting and viewing the weather when it was terrible. As his survival techniques improved he was able to use his intellige... ...ide of the Mountain, 30 years later, and a decade after that penned the final book in the trilogy, Frightful's Mountain, told from the falcon's point of view. George has no doubt shaped generations of young readers with her outdoor adventures of the mind and spirit. (Ages 9 to 12) --Emilie Coulter Ingram In this enthralling story, a boy builds a treehouse in the mountains and learns to live entirely by his wits. "(Emphasizes) the rewards of courage and determination."--The Horn Book. I agree with it being an enthralling story. It has influenced many lives, and in many different ways. One way is that it has encouraged people to take up falconry. One good example would be Robert Kennedy Junior. He and a group of falconry friends all have said that her book has contributed to them being falconers today. I myself am considering the sport now. I also agree with the statement â€Å"No reader will be immune to the compulsion to go right out and start whittling fishhooks and befriending raccoons.† I can’t vouch for the entire population of people who have read this book but I will say that that was my personal feelings. I even tried making some hooks once. It didn’t go so well.

The Dutchman - Oppression of the Black Man :: Amiri Baraka Dutchman Essays

The Dutchman - Oppression of the Black Man The Dutchman is not a play that you would take a child to. There is no optimism, no hope of a better future, and certainly no hero. It did, however, point out several flaws in society, namely the white man's oppression black men. The entire conversation between Lula and Clay demonstrates that, even as society had become more aware of the social inequalities imposed on minorities, much of society still regarded minorities with utter contempt. It did not come as a surprise that the stereotypes that both white and black individuals were present in the play despite heightened public awareness at the time. Such stereotypes are evidenced by Lula saying, ". . .you're a well-known type . . . I know the type very well," and Clay responding, "Without knowing us specifically?" (12). Stereotypes are the first walls to break through when associating with a member of another race or culture. Lula's continual concentration on Clay's "Uncle Tom" stereotype seems to be n ot simply her own ignorance, but it symbolizes the entire white people's ignorance of black people before and during the early '60's. At the end of the play, some of the root causes of most oppression--from forcing Native Americans on reservations to the lack of social equality at the time the book was written--is pointed out: tyranny of the majority and lack of sympathy for the oppressed. When Lula tells the people who are riding on the subway to "Get this man off me!," "Open the door and throw his body out," and "all of you get off at the next stop" (37), the crowd of people obeys without hesitance. The people in the subway--the majority--allow one man to be murdered and do not even give it a second thought. This is yet another metaphor for white people turning a blind eye to human suffering. Everyone gets off the subway, acting as if nothing has happened. The fact that the other

Banking and Finance Article Summary

Yu-Chen Lin 1521007128 Sec: 5351 Reading Article Taxes: Everyone should pay the taxes when they start to working, properly no one want to pay the taxes. In this article, it makes me know more about taxes, it show us many kinds of taxes. Mostly the countries are pay for two placed which are local government and central state. Property and income taxes are usually what we should have to pay. This also let us know some rules of taxation by Smith, these rules makes us know how and why they set to rule in reasonable so make sure not many people will complain.Of course we know that if you earn more money you will have to pay more taxes. It’s very fair and those taxes we pay for government are making us have a strong and great country to live. Home-Owning and house price: In this article, it talks about buying the house and selling. As we know buying a house is not easy, sometime we need to borrow money from the bank and loan. Some people are using buying and selling house as a busin ess. Related essay: Herbert Simon â€Å"Proverbs of Administration† SummaryWhen the price of house is booming meaning that the price of the house will be going up, the easy way to know the price of house is high or not by looking at the economic of the country. So when we going to buy the house, make sure that we are not buying the highest price or else when you going to sell it the price of the house will be very low. Economic is the most important thing that we have to see while we are going to buy a house. Unemployment: Unemployment is a very serious problem that will occur in every country.There are many reasons that could cause the unemployment, the main reason that will make the high unemployment is economic, and also GDP, inflation or interest rates are taking some parts of it. The article tell us that the definition of unemployment. Unemployment rates is mean that the percentage of people who don’t have job. This can teach us know when unemployment rate increase and what we should do during the high unemployment rate. Environmental economic: In this article is telling us about how Environmental could be very serious that will affect the economic.The climate change is the main reason for economic. Taking the example on the article because of the global warming, the sea level is rising which cause the flood, when it’s the flood will occur, its will really effect the country or cities economic growth. Another problem is Pollution, mostly no one care about the pollution but the scientist has telling us we need to taking this problem serious now, because the global greenhouse gas is increasing about 15%~20% per year. Bond Markets: In this article, it is talking about the bond market.There are still many different kinds of bonds. The main reason that some of people choose the bond market its because the Bonds will makes you gets more interest back than the banks can give you, but its also have peril that you might lose you money because of the some reason like interest rate. It also telling us the origins of bonds, Nathan Rothschild is the smart man that using the bonds and he because very rich, he has a great influence and famous in Europe. After reading this article makes me know about the bond market and how does it work.

Major Systems used in an Organization Essay

Organizations utilize different types of information systems to take their business decisions for their operations. The hierarchy levels of the organizations in general are operational, knowledge, management, and strategic. Accordingly, three main categories of information systems serve at different organizational levels on hierarchy are: I. Operational-level systems II. Management-level systems III. Strategic-level systems 1. Operational-level systems: Information systems that monitors and support operational managers, keeping track of the elementary activities and business transactions of the organization. E.g.Sales,receipts,cashdeposits, pay roll, credit decisions and flow of materials in a factory. 2. Management-level systems: Information systems that serves the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers of the business organization 3. Strategic-level systems: Information systems that support the long-range planning activities of senior management and help senior management tackle and address strategic issues to keep the strategic growth of the business firm. Major type’s information systems in organizations include 1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 2. Management Information Systems (MIS) 3. Decision-Support Systems (DSS) 4. Executive Support Systems (ESS) Transaction processing systems function at the operational level of organization. Knowledge work systems help create and integrate new knowledge within the organization. Management information systems provide managers with reports based primarily on data pulled from transaction processing systems, have an internal orientation, and have limited flexibility. . Decision-support systems function at the management level and provide analytical models and data analysis tools to provide support for semi  structured and unstructured decision-making activities. Executive support systems function at the strategic level, support unstructured decision making, and use advanced graphics and communications. Major type’s information system in a typical organization is shown in below figure along with strategic levels and functional areas. Transaction processing was one of the first business processes to be computerized and without information systems, recording and processing business transactions would consume huge amounts of an organizations resources. Transactions are events that occur as part of doing business, such as sales, purchases, deposits, withdrawals, refunds, and payments. TPS serve the operational level. The transaction processing systems (TPS) is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the business. TPS also involve employees in business processes. Transaction Processing Systems are information systems that process data resulting from the occurrence of business transaction. Every organization has manual and automated transacting processing systems (TPSs), which process the detailed data necessary to update records about the fundamental business operations of the organization. These systems include order entry, inventory control, payrolls, accounts payable, accounts’ receivable, and general ledgers to name a few. The input to these systems includes basic business transactions such as customer orders, purchase orders, receipts, time records, invoices and customer payments. The result of processing business transactions is that the organizations records are updated to reflect the status of the operation at the time of the last process transaction. Automated TPSs consist of all the components of Computer Based Information, including databases, telecommunications, people, procedure, software and hardware devices used to process transactions. The processing activities include data collection, data edit, data correction, data manipulation, data storage and document production. The transaction processing systems (TPS) is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to the  conduct of the business. TPS also involve employees in business processes. Transaction Processing Systems are information systems that process data resulting from the occurrence of business transaction. Every organization has manual and automated transacting processing systems (TPSs), which process the detailed data necessary to update records about the fundamental business operations of the organization. These systems include order entry, inventory control, payrolls, accounts payable, accounts’ receivable, and general ledgers to name a few. The input to these systems includes basic business transactions such as customer orders, purchase orders, receipts, time records, invoices and customer payments. The result of processing business transactions is that the organizations records are updated to reflect the status of the operation at the time of the last process transaction. Automated TPSs consist of all the components of Computer Based Information, including databases, telecommunications, people, procedure, software and hardware devices used to process transactions. The processing activities include data collection, data edit, data correction, data manipulation, data storage and document production. Management Information Systems (MIS) BASIC CONCEPTS: Five resources are 1. Men 2. Machine 3.Materials 4. Money 5.Methods. Information is considered as sixth resources Management information system (MIS) is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices used to provide routine information to the managers and decision makers. The focus of an MIS is primarily an operational efficiency, marketing, production, finance and other functional areas are supported by MIS and linked through a common data base. Management is a process consisting of planning, organizing, to achieve organizational objectives. MIS is â€Å"vital† in any organization for two reasons: 1. It emphasizes the management orientation of IT in business (not merely the processing of data). 2. It emphasizes that a systems framework should be used for information systems applications. Various functions of management are briefly defined as follows: 1. Planning – process of deciding in advance the cause of action 2. Organizing – forming formal group of people and activities to facilitate achieving its objectives 3. Controlling – checking the progress of plans and correcting any deviations 4. Directing – processing of activating the plans, structure and group efforts in the desired direction. MIS supports the management level by providing routine summary reports and exception reports for various purposes of management control process, including planning, controlling, and decision making. Examples are sales and profit per customer and per region, relocation summary and analysis, inventory control, capital investment analysis, and even a report on students who were here in the autumn but did not to return in the spring. 2.6 Decision Support System Decision-support systems provide material for analysis for the solution of semi-structured problems, which often are unique or rapidly changing. Typically, they provide the ability to do â€Å"what if† analysis. DSS will often use data from external sources, as well as data from TPS and MIS. DSS supports â€Å"right now† analysis rather than the long-term structured analysis of MIS. DSS are designed for analytical purposes and are flexible in nature. DSS provide sophisticated analytical models and data analysis tools to support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making activities. DSS use data from TPS, MIS, and external sources, provide more analytical power than other systems and interactive. The impact is on decisions in which there is sufficient structure for computer and analytic aids to be of value but where manager’s judgment is essential. A DSS is an organized collection of people, procedures, software databases and devices, used to support problem /specific decision making and lead to problem solving. The focus of a DSS is on decision making effectiveness when faced with unstructured or semi  structured business problems. 2.61 Characteristics of decision support system The main characteristics of DSS are 1. DSS help managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance. 2. DSS are responsive enough to run several times a day in order to correspond to changing conditions. 3 DSS make use of both internal information (from TPS and MIS) and also from external sources, such as current stock prices or product prices of competitors. 4 DSS offer users flexibility, adaptability, and a quick response. 5 DSS allow users to initiate and control the input and output. 6 DSS operate with little or no assistance from professional programmers. 7 DSS provide support for decisions and problems whose solutions cannot be specified in advance. 8 DSS use sophisticated analysis and modelling tools. 9 DSS shall support the manager but not replace his/her judgment. It should therefore neither try to provide the answers nor impose a predetermined or predefined sequence of analysis. 10 DSS requires the decision maker’s insight and judgment to control the process and solution. 2.63 Examples of DSS Systems Airlines Price and route selection, flight scheduling Investment Companies Investment evaluation Railways Train Dispatching and Routing Frito-Lay, Inc. Price, ad and promotional section Manufacturing Production optimisation Oil Companies Evaluation of potential drilling sites Executive support systems (ESS)/ Executive Information System (EIS) Senior managers use ESS to make decisions, ESS serve the strategic level of organization. They address non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation and insight because there is no agreed on procedure for arriving at a solution. Executive support systems function at the strategic level, support unstructured decision making, and use advanced graphics and communications. Examples of executive support systems include sales trend forecasting, budget forecasting, and personnel planning. ESS is designed to incorporate data about external events such as new tax laws or competitors, but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS. They filter, compress and track critical data, emphasizing he reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executives. ESS employ most advanced graphics S/W and can deliver graphs and data from many sources immediately to a senior executive office. ESS combines many features of MIS and DSS and Provide top executives with immediate and easy access to information. ESS help to Identify factors that are critical to accomplishing strategic objectives (critical success factors) and hence provide a generalized computing and communications environment that help senior managers address strategic issues and identify long-term trends in the firm and its environment. ESS addresses non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS present graphs and data from many internal and external sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use. Information presented in forms tailored to the preferences of the executives using the system. ESS provides out put as desired by the end-user in the forms like Customizable g raphical user interfaces, Exception reports, Trend analysis etc., 2.74 Features of ESS 1. Contemporary ESS bring together data from all parts of the firm and enable managers to select, access, and tailor them as needed using easy-to-use desktop analytical tools and online data displays. 2. Through their ESS, many managers have access to public data, such as news services,  financial market databases, and economic information. 3. ESS has the ability to drill down, moving from a piece of summary data to lower and lower levels of detail. 4. Contemporary ESS includes tools for modeling and analysis. 5. Whereas DSS use such tools primarily for modeling and analysis in a fairly narrow range of decision situations, ESS use them primarily to provide status information about organizational performance. 6. Well-designed ESS also have some facility for environmental scanning. 7. A key information requirement of managers at the strategic level is the ability to detect signals of problems in the organizational environment that indicate strategic threats and opportunities. 8. Abil ity to analyze, compares, and highlight trends. 9. The easy use of graphics enables the user to look at more data in less time with greater clarity and insight than paper-based systems provide. 10. The timeliness and availability of the data result in needed actions being identified and carried out earlier than previously could have been done 11. Problems are handled before they become too damaging; opportunities are also identified earlier. 12. Immediate access to so much data also enables executives to better monitor activities of lower units reporting to them. That very monitoring ability enables decision making to be decentralized and to take place at lower operating levels. 2.76 Interrelationships among systems In contemporary digital firms, the different types of systems are closely linked to one another. This is the ideal. In traditional firms these systems tend to be isolated from one another, and information does not flow seamlessly from one end of the organization to the other. Efficiency and business value tend to suffer greatly in these traditional firms. The interrelation ship between major kinds of system in an organization is depicted in below figure . The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. TPS are operational-level systems that collect transaction data. Examples of these are payroll or order processing that track the flow of the  daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. TPS provide data that are required by office systems, KWS, MIS and DSS, although these systems may also use other data. KWS and office systems not only use data from TPS but also from MIS. DSS not only use data from TPS but also from KWS, office systems, and MIS. MIS rely heavily on data from TPS but also use data from KWS and office systems. ESS obtains most of their internal data from MIS and DSS.