Week 2 Quiz Nov Essay examples - 803 Words

Week 2 Quiz Instructions: Select the correct answer for each question. You may use this worksheet to highlight the correct answer using the highlight function or simply create a Word Document, number from 1-15 and provide the correct letter for each corresponding question. Each question is worth .2 points. 1) What is a credit utilization rate? a. How many open credit accounts you have b. The percentage of all your reported credit accounts that are open accounts c. Your total outstanding balance as a percentage of total credit limit d. How often you use credit to make purchases 2) Students should aim to keep their total student loan debt to a. less than the salary they are likely to make their first year out of school b. less than†¦show more content†¦A line of credit with a high monthly limit 8) What is the difference between a subsidized and an unsubsidized Stafford loan? a. A subsidized loan is interest-free for the first 36 months after graduation; an unsubsidized loan is interest-free for only 6 months after graduation. b. A subsidized loan does not have to be paid back on the death of a student, but an unsubsidized loan has to be. c. A subsidized loan is based on student need, whereas an unsubsidized loan is available to any student, regardless of financial need. d. A subsidized loan is only available to foreign students. 9) What are two ways you can delay student loan payments? a. Deferment or payment desist b. Deferment or exoneration c. Deferment or subsidization d. Deferment or forbearance 10) Which site provides a free credit report from each of the three national credit reporting agencies? a. www.freecreditreport.com b. www.annualcreditreport.com c. www.creditreports.com d. www.freecreditscore.com 11) Credit scores can be used for to determine how much you pay to receive which of the following services? a. Health insurance b. Auto insurance c. Life insurance d. Disability insurance 12) Which is the best way to pay off credit-card debt? a. Dip into your emergency savings. b. Pay the largest portion you can afford from your salary every month. c. Take out a loan from your 401k at a lower interest rate than the credit card. d. Use a HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit) to pay offShow MoreRelatedLaw 2101 Course Outline 2014 151308 Words   |  6 Pageslegal areas of most relevance in modern society. The course is open to all Western undergraduates (other than law students enrolled in the J.D. program). There are no pre requisites. Schedule This full year course consists of three lecture hours per week, in two 90 minute blocks. The classes are Tuesdays and Thursdays, 3:30 P.M. 5:00 P.M., in Room 40 of the Labatt Health Sciences Building. Readings The required text is Law 101: Introduction to Law (12th ed, 2014). Students are expected to attend theRead MoreEssay on ART 305 Syllabus 1 2559 Words   |  11 Pagescultures as they are expressed in the arts, literatures, religions, and philosophy. Students will: 1. Explain and reflect critically upon the human search for meaning, values, discourse, and expression in one or more eras/stylistic periods or cultures. 2. Analyze, interpret, and reflect critically upon ideas of value, meaning, discourse and expression from a variety of perspectives from the arts and/or humanities. 3. Produce work/works of art that communicate to a diverse audience through a demonstratedRead MoreGreek Mythology1294 Words   |  6 Pagescritical skills component. Students will attend two one-hour lectures and one two-hour tutorial per week. Some of the critical skills students will develop in the course include analytical skills in interpreting primary texts, participating in discussion and debate in tutorials, developing arguments, and writing essays. Required Texts: 1) Aeschylus, Oresteia, trans. C. Collard (Oxford World s Classics) 2) Euripides, Bacchae, trans. Paul Woodruff (Hackett) 3) Hesiod, Works and Days and Theogony,Read MoreSyllabus: Days of the Year and Simple Linear Regression2113 Words   |  9 Pageswe have laid out four key objectives that we hope to accomplish before the semester ends. These four objectives have guided all our decisions in terms of course structure, content and administration. At the end of this course, students should: 1. 2. 3. 4. Understand the relevance of statistics in their future course-work and professions Be trained to identify the proper statistical technique to apply to a problem Be adept at finding the answers to statistical queries using excel Be ableRead MoreF14 ADMS 4561 course outline Sept 2 14 1 4742 Words   |  19 PagesPersonal Income in Canada ADMS 4561 course outline for all sections Fall 2014 last updated September 2 2014 1 Contact Information – Course Director Section Day Time Location Course Director Email address Section D Wednesday 4-7 pm HNE 030 Joanne Magee jmagee@yorku.ca Section E Thursday 7-10 pm HNE 035 Margaret Riggin mriggin@vfmy.com Section F Wednesday 7-10pm HNE 032 Joanne Magee jmagee@yorku.ca 2 Course Description Together with AK/ADMS 4562 3.0, introduces students to the principles and practiceRead MoreWeek 2 Quiz1376 Words   |  6 PagesSciences Quiz #1 Instructions: Answer 33 questions on this quiz. That means skip 3 questions. If you answer more than 33 I will choose up to 3 random numbers and will disregard those questions so only 33 will remain to be graded. All questions are worth the same point value (3 points each). Email me your completed quiz no later than Sunday, Nov 2nd. Chapter 1: TRUE/FALSE (1-9) 1) Management science involves the philosophy of approaching a problem in a subjective manner. FALSE 2) ManagementRead MoreAmerican Woman Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pages and on time. PCC policy states that after three absences (excused or unexcused), I can drop you. My policy is that missing more than three means I may drop you but also that it will be difficult to pass the course. Do not miss for consecutive weeks. Participation grade breakdown: A = present in every class session; always prepared, having read fully and considered the details, ideas and themes of the readings; speaks in nearly every class session; does not get off-topicRead MoreInternet Addiction Disorder ( Iad )1623 Words   |  7 PagesShe gave seven questions about using the Internet. If a participant answered â€Å"yes† to three or more questions, he or she will be classified as a dependent. According to the survey, â€Å"dependents spent an astonishing 38 hours a week on-line, compared with just five hours a week for non-dependents† (Potera, Trapped in the Web). In additions, non- dependents don’t have problems in jobs, schooling, relationships or money due to their Internet use. In contrast, most of dependents report that they have problemsRead MoreCB4303 15B Course Doc3685 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ FB4303 Strategy and Policy Semester B 2015 Instructor: Dr Eddie Yu, Associate Professor, Department of Management Class venue: AC2 1511 (Week 1 to 6) AC2 CSC room (Week 7 to 13) Email: mgeddyu@cityu.edu.hk Room: AC 1 G7405 Tel: 3442 7879 1.0 Course Overview As a capstone course for the final year students of the BBA program, Strategy Policy is designed to integrate concepts and knowledge from functional disciplines in the program. It is a â€Å"big picture† courseRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Pro Crastination1113 Words   |  5 PagesIsabel Shih Mrs. Jenkins APEL Period 2 3 November 2017 Pro-Crastination It is 11:35 PM, and I am procrastinating. The dim flickering light of my computer screen illuminates my face. The continuous humming of the monitor is interrupted by my fingers tap dancing on the keyboard; I am fueled only by a steaming cup of rich coffee (fortified with forty cups of sugar and creamer) and a burning desire to receive a good grade in the class. Yes, I procrastinated on my essay about procrastination. As I frantically

Harry Potter the Commodity Fetishism Free Essays

Amalia Rodrigues Film Survey Prompt 1 Harry Potter the Commodity Fetishism There are few things in this world that manage to seep into every crevice our lives as humans; the air we breathe, the people we interact with, and in our contemporary culture, the buying and selling of commodities. The masses have adopted a â€Å"give the people what they want† attitude that results in the commodification of everything thinkable. â€Å"Even as a negation of that social purposiveness which is spreading through the market, [art’s] freedom remains essentially bound up with the premise of a commodity economy† (Adorno Horkheimer 1238). We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Potter the Commodity Fetishism or any similar topic only for you Order Now There may have been a time when art was an escape from the domination of commerce, when people created things motivated by passion and emotion rather than by the prospect of dollar signs; no longer does that time exist. In film, the studio system has become a monopoly, and the structure of films, a formula. Though some would argue that there are a myriad of genres that give variety to the industry, Adorno and Horkheimer would counter that a menu is still not a choice, and that the monopolization of the film industry takes away from a world of choices and freedoms. The industry has morphed into a total administration of art, undoubtedly integrating our pleasure in the theater with the machinery of global media firms. A textbook example is the franchise of the Harry Potter films, which more than most any series of films, proliferates the sins of hyper commercialism. A commodity is defined as something that has use value, or utility, by satisfying a particular need or desire, created to be exchanged for a profit. It must have some sort of utility, or it will not be desired by a prospective buyer. â€Å"So far as it is a value in use, there is nothing mysterious about it, whether we consider it from the point of view that by its properties it is capable of satisfying human wants, or from the point that those properties are the product of human labor† (Marx 1). This could be virtually anything, being that everything today has a price put on it by society. We are constructed through our relationship with and use of commodities in our everyday lives. As a people, we have become obsessed with the commodities we surround ourselves with, constructing our identities through the material goods that inhabit us. Commodity fetishism replaces relationships between people with relationships between humans and objects. The eruption of the Harry Potter phenomenon occurred in the late nineties and has only flourished since. The author of the series, J. K. Rowling, created a world that nobody had seen before, a world of magic. This world, along with the lovable characters involved, are what our society seamlessly bought into. The masses fell in love with Harry, Ron, and Hermione, leaving them vulnerable to the impending commercial goods that the media conglomerates would soon overwhelmingly develop. And, no doubt, the Potter-inspired merchandise began to flow like lava as the movies were produced one by one, each one more successful than the next. Mindlessly, readers and viewers were sucked in by the new world of witchcraft and wizardry that leaves ceaseless possibilities for immense revenue. To quote Adorno and Horkheimer, â€Å"The culture perpetually cheats its consumers of what it perpetually promises. The promissory note which, with its plots and staging, it draws on pleasure is endlessly prolonged; the promise, which is actually all the spectacle consists of, is illusory: all it actually confirms is that the real point will never be reached, that the diner must be satisfied with the menu† (Adorno Horkheimer 1230). When adopting the premise of Harry Potter from words in a book to the big motion-picture screen, the film makers undoubtedly had dollar signs flashing in their pupils. Such a fantastically huge foundation was built and the only direction to move was up. Before Harry could say â€Å"abracadabra† (or something to that effect) stores began to overflow with anything and everything with the name â€Å"Harry Potter† plastered on the side. Hats, mugs, T-shirts, video games, costumes, the signature round glasses, not one item from the series has gone unnoticed by the conglomerates who are so devoted to squeezing every ounce of profit out of poor Harry’s wand. Even the earwax jellybeans that Dumbledore so foolishly consumes out of his bag of â€Å"Bertie Bott’s Every Flavor Beans† are readily available at your local superstore. There is simply no escaping the pure immensity that is the Potter revolution. Children are hosting Harry Potter themed birthday parties, adults are tattooing the dark mark on their bodies, college students are starting quidditch teams and tournaments, and families are taking road trips to the newly developed â€Å"Harry Potter World† in Universal Studios. This latest installment of the Harry Potter craze allows fans to live in the world they see on screen, drink butter beer, and purchase wands from Olivander’s; all of this for the low, low price of a hefty wad of cash straight into the pockets of the already multi-billion dollar industry. And yet, somehow our society does not mind being conned into purchasing such unnecessary yet desirable items, directly depicting the idea of commodity fetishism. Massive consumerism based on obsessions drawn from movies and franchises such as Harry Potter happen day to day, year to year, generation to generation. It has become so naturalized in our society to buy into our every impulse of consumer products that we cannot help but be blinded by our desires for such vain items. In a way, we, as consumers, are being exploited similarly to the way that house elves like Dobby are exploited in the Harry Potter series. We are born into our exploitation, and in some ways seem to enjoy it, as the elves seem to enjoy their dirty work. As a population, we can only hope to be as lucky as Dobby, to find a sock in an old diary, and be set free from manipulation. How to cite Harry Potter the Commodity Fetishism, Essay examples

Blindness in King Lear Essay Example For Students

Blindness in King Lear Essay A reoccurring theme in Shakespeares King Lear is the theme of blindness. Blindness in todays society is generally interpreted as the inability of the eye to see. In Shakespearian terms, blindness is not a physical state of being, but rather a temporary mental flaw. The theme of blindness in King Lear is clearly shown through the actions of Albany, Gloucester, and King Lear. Albany suffers from the classic case of blindness. Albany is blinded by love. Although Albany disagrees with Gonerils cruel actions towards her father, he only half-heartedly argues his case against her. Albanys fear of upsetting Goneril is exemplified in his response to her demand that Lear dispose of his knights. I cannot be so partial, Goneril, / To the great love I bear you (I, iv, 309-310). Albany is unable to behold Gonerils evil intentions because of his deep devotion and love for her. Goneril is cruel and deceitful and merely flatters her father with lies, yet, Albany is visionless and does not observe her wretched personality. Albany is also unaware Goneril is cheating on him with Edmund, as well as, plotting to kill him. It is not until Albany receives a note from Edgar, outlining Gonerils evil intentions, that he regains his sight. Finally, Albany realizes Goneril is not the woman he thought she was. Albany discerns she is a heartless, lying, adulterer. Albany finally reve als his emotion saying, O Goneril, / You are not worth the dust which the rude wind Blows in your face (IV, ii, 29-31) and See thyself, devil! / Proper deformity shows not in the fiend / so horrid as in woman (IV, ii, 59-61). Albany is able to overcome his blindness without suffering severe losses and lives to become ruler of Lears kingdom. Gloucester is another character Shakespeare uses to promote his theme of blindness. Gloucester is deceived by his son Edmund in King Lear, just as Isaac is deceived by his son Jacob in the Bible. In both instances, an evil sons jealousy provokes him to deceive his father. Gloucesters blindness prevents him from seeing Edmund is conspiring against his brother, in search of his fathers love and inheritance. Edmund is able to convince his father that Edgar is plotting to murder him and take his lands. Edmunds lie results in Gloucester disowning Edgar and desiring to kill him, even though he is the good and loving son. Ironically, Gloucester contemplates killing the son that would later save his life. Gloucester fails to realize the true nature of his sons disposition, while possessing the physical ability to see, because he is mentally blind. It is not until Gloucester literally loses his sight that he realizes Edmund is deceiving him. King Lear was the blindest character of all. Being king, one would suspect Lear should posses the ability to distinguish the difference between good and evil. There are several instances where Lears inability to see, lead him to make poor decisions bearing fatal consequences. The first example Shakespeare gives of Lears blindness occurs in the first act of the play. Lears desire to be glorified by his daughters leads him to be deceived by the lies of his two eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan. Lear perceives Cordelias response as an insult from an unappreciative child. He is unable to comprehend the love and respect she has for him and banishes her. Have no such daughter, nor shall ever seeThat face of hers again. Therefore begone,Without our grace, our love, our benison! (I, i, 262-265)Another tragic result of Lears inability to see leads to the banishment of his most loyal servant, Kent. Kent is able to see through Goneril and Regans faade and tries to explicate to Lear the true l ove Cordelia possesses for him. Kent is banished from the castle, and later disguises himself as an ordinary, run of the mill commoner. Ironically, he is later hired by Lear as a servant. Shakespeare gives a blatant example of Lears blindness through his inability to recognize his servants true identity. As the play progresses, King Lear begins to see the light and gains sight of the corruption around him. Lear learns of the wicked plot Goneril and Regan have devised after they

Urbanisation Provides Potential Socio

Urbanisation can be discussed as one of the main characteristics of the modern world influenced by the global forces and by the governments’ policies. If the role of urbanisation for developed countries is rather obvious, the effect of urbanisation on developing countries is the controversial question that needs to be discussed in detail. Thus, the essay aims to discuss potential socio-economic effects of urbanisation on the situation in developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urbanisation Provides Potential Socio-Economic Benefits for Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urbanisation can be defined as the significant growth of towns and cities in a certain country, which leads to changing the socio-economic situation within it. Although many researchers state that urbanisation does not provide the obvious positive effect on developing countries, the process of urbanisation c an guarantee many potential socio-economic benefits for these countries because of changing the direction of the socio-economic development. Rural territories do not provide the necessary resources for the significant economic development. That is why the developed countries characterised by the economic growth depend on the idea of urbanisation[1]. As a result, to achieve the definite level of the economic development, it is necessary to accentuate the role of urbanisation in the process. Towns and cities in developing countries become the centres of the social and economic progress because of the concentration of the maximum of the necessary forces in urban territories. Furthermore, urbanisation is the way to the further productive development of rural territories. The economic interactions between the urban and rural territories are a kind of investing into the progress of the rural areas. Thus, the interaction between â€Å"rural and urban areas is likely to increase over time and should be supported†[2]. Rural territories traditionally develop depending on the progress of cities. That is why, the increase in cities can stimulate the positive changes in the rural areas of developing countries. Nevertheless, developing countries are characterised by the uncontrolled urbanisation, which prevents cities from the economic growth and contributes to the urban poverty[3]. However, poverty in cities can be overcome easier than in rural areas, and the perspectives for the economic development and for increasing incomes are greater in cities. The problem is only in the effectiveness of governing urban territories in the developing countries[4]. Thus, urbanisation can be discussed as the first step to the economic growth of developing countries. In spite of the developed biases, there are many potential socio-economic advantages of urbanisation for developing countries because of the process’s orientation to the progress and positive changes in economy. Bibliography Hammond, R., The positive potential of urbanization, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2007.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nelson, A., Urbanisation, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2006. Footnotes R. Hammond, The positive potential of urbanization, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2007, par. 2-3. Hammond, par. 4. A. Nelson, Urbanisation, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2006, par. 3. Hammond, par. 6. This essay on Urbanisation Provides Potential Socio-Economic Benefits for Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Kaylynn Duke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Civil Disobedience Essay Topics

Civil Disobedience Essay TopicsCivil disobedience essay topics are important to help you express your viewpoints and opinions about civil disobedience, its principles, practices, problems, and benefits. In writing an essay on this topic, you may want to look at civil disobedience based on the principles of civic engagement, free speech, or moral issues.The first principle of civil disobedience is that civil disobedience is 'the act of a person who through nonviolent means, specifically noncooperation, refuses to comply with a law of any government or governmental authority.' This includes protests, sit-ins, marches, demonstrations, and protests by animal rights advocates. If you have ever been to the Wall Street area in New York, you may have seen protesters and non-violent demonstrators peacefully refuse to move, and the police having to break them up by using pepper spray and tear gas.The second principle of civil disobedience is that civilly disobey a law, the orders of a superior officer, or the codes and regulations of any institution or organization. Civil disobedience is a refusal to follow the rules or laws of any government. What do you think would happen if the civil disobedience tactic became popular enough to involve people not following rules and regulations of organizations like the FDA? With that kind of number of people, the FDA might get ordered to institute a health fraud act, and the FDA might be forced to criminalize all of their employees.Another moral aspect of civil disobedience that has to be considered is that there is a certain moral value to the act. A civil disobedience tactic involves a rejection of a societal rule, but at the same time, this also means that you reject the rule of the government. When you refuse to do what someone tells you to do, you are not only rejecting the rule of society but also rejecting the rule of the government.The third civil disobedience essay topic is that civil disobedience is more than just a tactic. Because the rule of law must be respected when taking civil disobedience actions, the struggle for civil disobedience must be non-violent. This means that the civil disobedience must be nonviolent, and even if you are being ordered to act violently, the fact that you are still obeying the law of the land and are willing to risk injury to yourself or to others, then you are still a great civil disobedience tactic.Noncompliance with laws that violate your right to free speech should be encouraged and even rewarded. Perhaps you will be able to end the use of the 'war on drugs,' the 'war on terror,' or other types of illegal laws. Once the courts begin to legalize the idea of civil disobedience and try to encourage it, perhaps it will become more widely accepted as a constructive means of resisting state sanctioned oppression.Although civil disobedience essay topics may seem to sound negative, these essay topics make the idea of civil disobedience quite attractive. Although many think that civil disobedience is the ultimate in self-indulgence, others find the idea to be quite inspiring.

Battle of Stony Point in the American Revolution

Battle of Stony Point in the American Revolution The Battle of Stony Point was fought July 16, 1779, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the summer of 1779, the leadership of the Continental Army decided to mount an assault against Stony Point, NY after the position had been occupied by the British. The assignment was given to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne and the Corps of Light Infantry. Striking at night, Waynes men conducted a daring bayonet attack that secured Stony Point and captured the British garrison. The victory provided a needed boost for American morale and Wayne received a gold medal from Congress for his leadership. Background In the wake of the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778, British forces under Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton largely remained idle in New York City. The British were watched by General George Washingtons army which assumed positions in New Jersey and to the north in the Hudson Highlands. As the 1779 campaigning season began, Clinton sought to lure Washington out of the mountains and into a general engagement. To accomplish this, he dispatched around 8,000 men up the Hudson. As part of this movement, the British seized Stony Point on the eastern bank of the river as well as Verplancks Point on the opposite shore. General Sir Henry Clinton. Photograph Source: Public Domain Taking possession of the two points at the end of May, the British began fortifying them against attack. The loss of these two positions deprived the Americans of using Kings Ferry, a key river crossing over the Hudson. As the main British force withdrew back to New York having failed to force a major battle, a garrison of between 600 and 700 men was left at Stony Point under the command Lieutenant Colonel Henry Johnson. Consisting of imposing heights, Stony Point was surrounded by water on three sides. On the mainland side of the point flowed a swampy steam that flooded at high tide and was crossed by one causeway. Dubbing their position a little Gibraltar, the British constructed two lines of defenses facing west (largely fleches and abatis rather than walls), each manned with around 300 men and protected by artillery. Stony Point was further protected by the armed sloop HMS Vulture (14 guns) which was operating in that part of the Hudson. Watching the British actions from atop nearby Buckberg Mountain, Washington was initially reluctant to assault the position. Utilizing an extensive intelligence network, he was able to ascertain the strength of the garrison as well as several passwords and the locations of sentries (Map). The American Plan Reconsidering, Washington decided to move forward with an attack utilizing the Continental Armys Corps of Light Infantry. Commanded by Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 1,300 men would move against Stony Point in three columns. The first, led by Wayne and consisting of around 700 men, would make the main attack against the southern side of the point. Scouts had reported that the extreme southern end of the British defenses did not extend into the river and could be flanked by crossing a small beach at low tide. This was to be supported by an attack against the northern side by 300 men under Colonel Richard Butler. To ensure surprise, Waynes and Butlers columns would make the assault with their muskets unloaded and relying solely on the bayonet. Each column would deploy an advance force to clear obstacles with a 20-men forlorn hope to provide protection. As a diversion, Major Hardy Murfree was ordered to stage a diversionary attack against the main British defenses with around 150 men. This effort was to precede the flank attacks and serve as signal for their advance. To ensure proper identification in the darkness, Wayne ordered his men to wear pieces of white paper in their hats as a recognition device (Map). Battle of Stony Point Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Dates: July 16, 1779Armies and Commanders:AmericansBrigadier General Anthony Wayne1,500 menBritishLieutenant Colonel Henry Johnson600-700 menCasualties:Americans: 15 killed, 83 woundedBritish: 20 killed, 74 wounded, 472 captured, 58 missing The Assault On the evening of July 15, Waynes men gathered at Springsteels Farm approximately two miles from Stony Point. Here the command was briefed and the columns began their advance shortly before midnight. Approaching Stony Point, the Americans benefited from heavy clouds which limited the moonlight. As Waynes men neared the southern flank they found that their line of approach was flooded with two to four feet of water. Wading through the water, they created enough noise to alert the British pickets. As the alarm was raised, Murfrees men began their attack. Pushing forward, Waynes column came ashore and began their assault. This was followed a few minutes later Butlers men who successfully cut through the abatis along the northern end of the British line. Responding to Murfrees diversion, Johnson rushed to the landward defenses with six companies from the 17th Regiment of Foot. Battling through the defenses, the flanking columns succeeded in overwhelming the British and cutting off those engaging Murfree. In the fighting, Wayne was temporarily put out of action when a spent round struck his head. Battle of Stony Point, 1779. Library of Congress Command of the southern column devolved to Colonel Christian Febiger who pushed the attack up the slopes. The first to enter the innermost British defenses was Lieutenant Colonel Francois de Fluery who cut down the British ensign from the flagstaff. With American forces swarming in his rear, Johnson was ultimately compelled to surrender after less than thirty minutes of fighting. Recovering, Wayne sent a dispatch to Washington informing him, The fort garrison with Col. Johnston are ours. Our officers men behaved like men who are determined to be free. Aftermath A stunning victory for Wayne, the fighting at Stony Point saw him lose 15 killed and 83 wounded, while British losses totaled 20 killed, 74 wounded, 472 captured, and 58 missing. In addition, a host of stores and fifteen guns were captured. Though a planned follow-on attack against Verplancks Point never materialized, the Battle of Stony Point proved a vital boost to American morale and was one of the final battles of the conflict to be fought in the North. Visiting Stony Point on July 17, Washington was extremely pleased with the result and offered lavish praise upon Wayne. Assessing the terrain, Washington ordered Stony Point abandoned the next day as he lacked the men to fully protect it. For his actions at Stony Point, Wayne was awarded a gold medal by Congress.

The Laws of Thermodynamics in Biological Systems

The Laws of Thermodynamics in Biological Systems The laws of thermodynamics are important unifying principles of biology. These principles govern the chemical processes (metabolism) in all biological organisms. The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known ​as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It may change from one form to another, but the energy in a closed system remains constant. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that when energy is transferred, there will be less energy available at the end of the transfer process than at the beginning. Due to entropy, which is the measure of disorder in a closed system, all of the available energy will not be useful to the organism. Entropy increases as energy is transferred. In addition to the laws of thermodynamics, the cell theory, gene theory, evolution, and homeostasis form the basic principles that are the foundation for the study of life. First Law of Thermodynamics in Biological Systems All biological organisms require energy to survive. In a closed system, such as the universe, this energy is not consumed but transformed from one form to another. Cells, for example, perform a number of important processes. These processes require energy. In photosynthesis, the energy is supplied by the sun. Light energy is absorbed by cells in plant leaves and converted to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose, which is used to form complex carbohydrates necessary to build plant mass. The energy stored in glucose can also be released through cellular respiration. This process allows plant and animal organisms to access the energy stored in carbohydrates, lipids, and other macromolecules through the production of ATP. This energy is needed to perform cell functions such as DNA replication, mitosis, meiosis, cell movement, endocytosis, exocytosis, and apoptosis. Second Law of Thermodynamics in Biological Systems As with other biological processes, the transfer of energy is not 100 percent efficient. In photosynthesis, for example, not all of the light energy is absorbed by the plant. Some energy is reflected and some is lost as heat. The loss of energy to the surrounding environment results in an increase of disorder or entropy. Unlike plants and other photosynthetic organisms, animals cannot generate energy directly from the sunlight. They must consume plants or other animal organisms for energy. The higher up an organism is on the food chain, the less available energy it receives from its food sources. Much of this energy is lost during metabolic processes performed by the producers and primary consumers that are eaten. Therefore, much less energy is available for organisms at higher trophic levels. (Trophic levels are groups that help ecologists understand the specific role of all living things in the ecosystem.) The lower the available energy, the less number of organisms can be supported. This is why there are more producers than consumers in an ecosystem. Living systems require constant energy input to maintain their highly ordered state. Cells, for example, are highly ordered and have low entropy. In the process of maintaining this order, some energy is lost to the surroundings or transformed. So while cells are ordered, the processes performed to maintain that order result in an increase in entropy in the cells/organisms surroundings. The transfer of energy causes entropy in the universe to increase.